C16 Flashcards
is the scientific study of the immune system
and immune responses.
Immunology
Cells involved in immune responses originate in
Bone marrow
three lines of lymphocytes are derived from
lymphoid stem cells of bone marrow:
1. B lymphocytes (B
cells),
2. T lymphocytes (T cells),
3. natural killer cells (NK
cells).
There are two categories of T cells
Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
where special glycoproteins called antibodies are produced by B cells to destroy specific microbes
Humoral immunity
involves a variety of cell types, with antibodies playing only a minor role, if any
Cell mediated immunity
- Antibodies are produced within the person
- Usually provides long-lasting protection
Active acquired immunity
immunity that results from the
active production or receipt of antibodies during one’s lifetime
Acquired Immunity
is defined as material that can artificially
induce immunity to an infectious disease, usually following injection or ingestion of the vaccine.
Vaccine
- Antibodies are received that were produced by another person(s) or by an animal
- Usually provides only temporary protection
Passive acquired immunity
Types of available vaccines:
– Attenuated vaccines
– Inactivated vaccines
– Subunit vaccines
– Conjugate vaccines
– Toxoid vaccines
Vaccines stimulate the recipient’s immune system to produce
Protective antibodies
Small antibodies, IgG, present in mother’s blood cross the placenta to reach the fetus
Natural passive acquired immunity
Antibodies from an immune person are transferred to a susceptible person (e.g., hepatitis B immunoglobulin).
Artificial passive acquired immunity
The increased production of antibodies following the second exposure to a particular antigen is called the
Secondary response
Foreign organic substances that are large enough to stimulate the production of antibodies
– Substances capable of stimulating antibodies are said to be antigenic (or immunogenic).
– A bacterial cell has many molecules (antigenic determinants) on its surface that are capable of stimulating the production of antibodies.
Antigens
Where do immune responses occur?
initiated in the spleen; responses to microbes
and other antigens in tissues are generated in lymph nodes located near the infected area.
Proteins produced by lymphocytes in response to the presence of an
antigen
Antibodies
The initial immune response to an antigen is called the primary response; it takes
10 to 14 days for
antibodies to be produced.
Long-lived, antibody-producing cells called, are produced by combining a single plasma cell and a rapidly dividing tumor cell.
Hydbridomas
Hybridomas are capable of producing large amounts of specific antibodies called
monoclonal antibodies.
Monoclonal antibodies are used in
immunodiagnostic procedures (i.e., immunologic procedures used in laboratories to diagnose diseases).
Antigen–antibody complexes are capable of activating the complement cascade, which results in some of the following effects:
– Activation of leukocytes
– Lysis of bacterial cells
– Increased phagocytosis as a result of opsonization
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
macrophages, TH cells, TC cells, NK cells, and
granulocytes
A complex system of interactions among many types of cells and cellular secretions (cytokines)
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
