C16

Question 1

is the scientific study of the immune system
and immune responses.

Answer 1

Immunology

Question 2

Cells involved in immune responses originate in

Answer 2

Bone marrow
three lines of lymphocytes are derived from
lymphoid stem cells of bone marrow:
1. B lymphocytes (B
cells),
2. T lymphocytes (T cells),
3. natural killer cells (NK
cells).

Question 3

There are two categories of T cells

Answer 3

Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells

Question 4

where special glycoproteins called antibodies are produced by B cells to destroy specific microbes

Answer 4

Humoral immunity

Question 5

involves a variety of cell types, with antibodies playing only a minor role, if any

Answer 5

Cell mediated immunity

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• Antibodies are produced within the person
• Usually provides long-lasting protection

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Active acquired immunity

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immunity that results from the
active production or receipt of antibodies during one’s lifetime

Answer 6

Acquired Immunity

Question 6

is defined as material that can artificially
induce immunity to an infectious disease, usually following injection or ingestion of the vaccine.

Answer 6

Vaccine

Question 6

• Antibodies are received that were produced by another person(s) or by an animal
• Usually provides only temporary protection

Answer 6

Passive acquired immunity

Question 7

Types of available vaccines:

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– Attenuated vaccines
– Inactivated vaccines
– Subunit vaccines
– Conjugate vaccines
– Toxoid vaccines

Question 8

Vaccines stimulate the recipient’s immune system to produce

Answer 8

Protective antibodies

Question 9

Small antibodies, IgG, present in mother’s blood cross the placenta to reach the fetus

Answer 9

Natural passive acquired immunity

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Antibodies from an immune person are transferred to a susceptible person (e.g., hepatitis B immunoglobulin).

Answer 10

Artificial passive acquired immunity

Question 11

The increased production of antibodies following the second exposure to a particular antigen is called the

Answer 11

Secondary response

Question 11

Foreign organic substances that are large enough to stimulate the production of antibodies

– Substances capable of stimulating antibodies are said to be antigenic (or immunogenic).

– A bacterial cell has many molecules (antigenic determinants) on its surface that are capable of stimulating the production of antibodies.

Answer 11

Antigens

Question 12

Where do immune responses occur?

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initiated in the spleen; responses to microbes
and other antigens in tissues are generated in lymph nodes located near the infected area.

Question 13

Proteins produced by lymphocytes in response to the presence of an
antigen

Answer 13

Antibodies

Question 13

The initial immune response to an antigen is called the primary response; it takes

Answer 13

10 to 14 days for
antibodies to be produced.

Question 13

Long-lived, antibody-producing cells called, are produced by combining a single plasma cell and a rapidly dividing tumor cell.

Answer 13

Hydbridomas

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Hybridomas are capable of producing large amounts of specific antibodies called

Answer 14

monoclonal antibodies.

Question 15

Monoclonal antibodies are used in

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immunodiagnostic procedures (i.e., immunologic procedures used in laboratories to diagnose diseases).

Question 15

Antigen–antibody complexes are capable of activating the complement cascade, which results in some of the following effects:

Answer 15

– Activation of leukocytes
– Lysis of bacterial cells
– Increased phagocytosis as a result of opsonization

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Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)

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macrophages, TH cells, TC cells, NK cells, and
granulocytes

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A complex system of interactions among many types of cells and cellular secretions (cytokines)

Answer 16

Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)

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refers to an overly sensitive immune
system.

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Hypersensivity

Question 17

are a subpopulation of lymphocytes called
large granular lymphocytes.

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NK (Natural Killer) Cells

Question 18

Different types of hypersensitivity reactions

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Immediate type: occurs within few minutes

Delayed type: occur in 24hrs, Also known as type IV hypersensitivity reactions.

Question 19

Type I immediate hypersensitivity is probably the most common type of hypersensitivity.

Answer 19

The Allergic Response

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– Results from the release of chemical mediators from basophils in the bloodstream

– Occurs throughout the body—much more serious than localized anaphylaxis

– Common allergens involved are drugs and insect venom

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Systemic anaphylaxis

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Latex can trigger any of three types of reactions: irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, or immediate type hypersensitivity.

Answer 21

Latex allergy

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Type II hypersensitivity reactions,meaning that body cells are destroyed during
these reactions

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Cytotoxic reactions

Question 23

Sequence of events in a type II hypersensitivity reaction:

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1. A particular drug binds to the surface of a cell.
2. Antidrug antibodies then bind to the drug.
3. Complement activation on the cell surface is initiated.
4. The complement cascade leads to lysis of the cell.

Question 24

Type III hypersensitivity reactions are, reactions—such as those that occur in serum sickness and certain autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis).

Answer 24

Immune complex

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result when a person’s immune
system no longer recognizes certain body tissues as “self” and attempts to destroy those tissues as if they were “nonself” or foreign.

Answer 25

Autoimmune diseases

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Persons whose immune systems are not functioning properly are said to be

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immunosuppressed.

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help diagnose infectious diseases by detecting either antigens or antibodies in clinical specimens; test results are usually
available on the same day!

Answer 27

Immunodiagnostic procedures (IDPs)

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– Performed in vivo
– Antigens are injected within or beneath the skin.
– Example: the TB skin test

Answer 28

Skin Testing