C4.2 - TRANSFERS OF ENERGY AND MATTER

Question 1

Ecosystems

Answer 1

Ecological systems composed of organisms in an area along with abiotic factors.

Question 2

Open system

Answer 2

Both chemical resources and energy can enter or exit.

Question 3

Closed system

Answer 3

Only energy can enter or exit.

Question 7

What is the principle source of energy for a food chain?

Answer 7

Sunlight

Question 7

Producers

Answer 7

Use an external source of energy such as inorganic compounds, to produce carbon compounds.

Question 7

What are exceptions to the source of energy in ecosystems?

Answer 7

• Caves: dead organic matter from other ecosystems. (consumed by saprotrophs)
• Deep sea levels: Chemical energy by chemoautotrophs.

Question 7

How is energy transferred between trophic levels?

Answer 7

Energy fixated in carbon compounds produced by plants moves to other organisms when they consume them.

Question 8

Outline the flow of chemical energy between trophic levels:

Answer 8

Producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers.

Question 9

Give an example of a food chain in an ecosystem:

Answer 9

Tara Shrubs, Lama guanicoe, Puma concolor

Question 13

Why are levels not always determined in food webs?

Answer 13

• Organisms can get their energy from different trophic levels (omnivores for example).

Question 13

How are food chains and webs useful models?

Answer 13

They represent feeding relationships between plants and use arrows to model the flow of energy and biomass between trophic levels.

Question 14

Give an example of an omnivore with a varied trophic level.

Answer 14

Vulpes vulpes (red fox)

Question 15

Outline the process of the production of dead organic matter:

Answer 15

Death, Defecation, Shedding of Unwanted body parts, Dead organic matter

Question 16

Saphotrophs

Answer 16

Organisms that feed on dead organic matter

Question 17

Autotrophs…

Answer 17

use inorganic compounds such as CO2 and HCO3- are used to create organic compounds.

Question 18

Outline how autotrophs create organic compounds:

Answer 18

• Energy from light and inorganic chemical reactions is used to fixate co2 and anabolic rxns.

Question 19

Decomposers:

Answer 19

Organisms that break down insoluble, large molecules into small, soluble molecules or ions.

Question 20

Photoautotrophs:

Answer 20

Convert sunlight into carbon compounds.

Question 21

Chemoautotrophs:

Answer 21

Synthesize carbon compounds from exothermic reactions such as oxidation.

Question 22

Which 2 domains are chemoautotrophs;

Answer 22

Bacteria and Archea

Question 23

How do iron-oxidizing bacteria get their energy:

Answer 23

• Fe2+ > Fe3+ and electron.
• Electron is by electron carrier chains that release energy, Protein pumps that produce ATP by chemiosis, or used to reduce NAD+ to NADH-
• ATP and NADH are used in Co2 fixation

Question 24

Heterotrophs

Answer 24

Get their energy from other organisms.

Question 25

Assimiliation

Answer 25

To absorb carbon compounds and use them in body parts.

Question 26

What are the 2 types of heterotrophs

Answer 26

Saphotrophs and Consumers

Question 27

What are the two types of consumers

Answer 27

Unicellular and Multicellular

Question 28

How do saphotrophs digest their food

Answer 28

They secrete hydrolytic enzymes that digest their food, then absorb it.

Question 29

How do unicellular consumers digest their food

Answer 29

Bacteria such as paramecium consume substances by endocytosis, absorb them into hydrolytic phagocytic vesicles, which is then absorbed by their cytoplasm.

Question 30

How do multicellular consumers digest their food?

Answer 30

Internal digestion by enzymes secreted by digestive glands.

Question 31

What are the uses of ATP in chemoauto and heterotrophs

Answer 31

(INTRA)
- Movement of vesicles
- Anabolic rxns that synthesize macromolecules.
(EXTRA)
- Active transport
- Maintaining body temperature

Question 32

What are the trophic levels in plants?

Answer 32

• producers
• primary consumers
• secondary consumers
• Tertiary consumers

Question 33

What does an energy pyramid model?

Answer 33

Amount of energy lost and used by trophic levels.

Question 34

How is energy lost between trophic levels?

Answer 34

• Incomplete Consumption: Not all organisms are consumed/not all parts are.
• Incomplete digestion: Some substances cannot be digested, egested in feces. Saprotrophs digest them.
• Cell respiration: energy in glucose is not fully conserved due to heat loss.

Question 35

What is the maximum number of trophic levels in an energy pyramid?

Answer 35

4-5

Question 36

Why are the number of levels in a trophic level limited?

Answer 36

Energy loss between trophic levels decreases them, so each trophic level has exponentially less food.

Question 37

Give an example of the availability of food for a trophic level of consumers:

Answer 37

Canadian condor needs more than 10,000km2 to find enough food.

Question 38

Name, in 2 scientific terms, what leads to an increase in biomass (other than cell respiration)?

Answer 38

Growth and Reproduction.

Question 41

Primary Production

Answer 41

Mass of C-compounds synthesized by autotrophs.

Question 41

GPP (gross PP)

Answer 41

Total amount of C-compounds made by autotrophs.

Question 42

NPP (net PP)

Answer 42

GPP - biomass used by respiration. (what is available to next level of consumers).

Question 43

Secondary Production:

Answer 43

Accumulation of carbon compounds by heterotrophs.

Question 44

Why does biomass decrease with each trophic level?

Answer 44

• Primary production is greater than secondary production.