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Biology > B2,3 Cell Specialization > Flashcards

B2,3 Cell Specialization Flashcards

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1
Q

Fertilization

A

The fusion of a male and female gamete to produce a zygote.

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2
Q

Zygote

A

The single-celled product of human gamete fusion.

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3
Q

Embryo

A

The product of continuous the cell division of a zygote, a mass of cells.

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4
Q

What’s the role of mitosis in cell division?

A

Ensures that the embryo has all the genes in the genome, so it can specialize/develop in any way.

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5
Q

Differentiation

A

A process by which cells develop along different pathways and become specialized for specific functions in the development of an embryo.

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6
Q

lol

A

Lol

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7
Q

How do morphogens contribute to embryo cell differentiation?

A
  • Concentrations of morphogens indicate to a cell its position in the embryo and which pathway it should follow.
  • They determine which genes are transcribed to produce mRNA and which proteins are made in each cell.
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8
Q

Give an example of the presence of morphogens:

A

Gradients of morphogens between the anterior and posterior of early-stage embryos.

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9
Q

What are the properties of stem cells?

A

They are self-replicating cells who are undifferentiated, and therefore retain the capacity to differentiate along different pathways.

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10
Q

What gives stem cells power in regeneration/repair in adult bodies despite their small percentage?

A

They are present in many human tissues.

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11
Q

The stem cell niche

A

The precise location of stem cells within a tissue that must provide the microenvironment required for them to remain undifferentiated for long periods of time or to proliferate rapidly.

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12
Q

Bone marrow

A

Soft, spongy tissue in the middle of the femur, sternum, and pelvis of humans.

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13
Q

How is bone marrow an example of a stem cell niche?

A

They receive 15% of cardiac output that gives them a big supply of blood carrying oxygen and other amino acids, and therefore contain haematopoietic that produce red red and white platelets each day.

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14
Q

Hair follicles

A

Pores in the skin that hold hair.

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15
Q

How are hair follicles an example of a stem cell niche?

A

They have blood capillaries that supply the necessary nutrients that allow them to divide repeatedly to generate the many cells needed for hair growth.

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16
Q

Totipotent Stem cells

A
  • Can differentiate into any cell type, and are found in early-stage animal embryos.
  • Useful in regenerative medicine
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17
Q

Pluripotent Stem cells

A

Able to differentiate into many cell types, but not all.

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18
Q

Multipotent Stem cells

A

Able to differentiate into several cell types, make up stem cells in adult tissues.

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19
Q

Male gamete size

A

3 micrometers wide, 50 micrometers long, makes it easier to swim to egg cell

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20
Q

Red blood cell size

A
  • 7 micrometers in diameter, 1-2 micrometers thick
  • allows passage through narrow capillaries
  • gives large surface area-to-volume ratio so entry and exit o2 is rapid
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21
Q

White blood cell size

A

B lymphocytes 10-12 micrometers in diameter when inactive, 30 micrometer plasma cells that can produce antibodies in bulk when active.

22
Q

Female gamete size

A
  • 110 micrometers in diameter
  • Large volume of cyt0plasm that allows to hold enough food to sustain the embryo during early stages of development.
23
Q

Neuron size

A
  • Cell body of 20 micrometers diameter
  • Axon extending from nanometers up to meters
  • Allows signals to be carried this far
24
Q

As a cell grows larger, the S.A/Volume ratio…

A

Decreases

24
Q

Striated muscle fibers size

A
  • Diameter of 20-100 micrometers, length can exceed 100mm
  • Allow them to have large and powerful muscle contractions.
25
Q

The surface area of a cell affects…

A

the rate at which materials leave or enter a cell.

26
Q

The rate at which materials are used or produce depends on..

A

the volume of a cell

27
Q

What if a cell becomes too large?

A

It may not be able to take in or excrete materials quickly enough.

28
Q

What feature of red blood cells and type 1 pneumocytes give them a big SA/V ratio?

A
  • Flattening makes them very wide and thin, giving them a large area of plasma membrane and a small volume of cytoplasm.
29
Q

How do proximal convoluted tubule cells in kidney nephrons increase their SA/V ratio?

A
  • They have finger-like projections called microvilli, which reabsorb gluten and other useful substances from the filtrate flowing past them.
30
Q

How do proximal convoluted cells increase their SA/V ratio (2)?

A
  • Invagination, infolding of plasma membrane to form sacs, folds, or tubules.
  • This can be seen through their basal channels that increase the SA for pumping sodium ions out of the cell to generate the Na+ concentration gradient used for glucose co-transport.
31
Q

Alveoli

A

Air sacs in the lung where gas exchange happens..

32
Q

What types of cells make up the wall of the alveolus?

A

Type I pneumocytes

33
Q

What makes type I pneumocytes adapted to carry out gas exchange?

A

They have very little cytoplasm so they are extremely thin and permeable, gases only have to diffuse a very short distance to pass through.

34
Q

Describe the structure of type II pneumocytes:

A
  • Cube-like cells
  • Dense cytoplasm
  • Many lamellar bodies (vesicles)
  • Make up 5% of alveolus wall but are more numerous
35
Q

Type II pneumocytes function:

A

They contain a fluid that is produced and secreted by Exocytosis; allows gases to dissolve as it keeps the inner surface moist, contains the surfactant that reduces surface tension and prevents the sides of the alveoli from collapsing.

36
Q

How are type II pneumocytes adapts to their function?

A
  • ## Lamellar bodies: specialized vesicles which store phospholipids and proteins produced by rER, and excrete contents by Exocytosis that form the surfactant.
37
Q

What’s the main function of cardiac muscle cells in the heart?

A

They pump blood by contracting.

38
Q

What is the main function of striated muscle?

A

Attached to the skeleton, it contracts to exert force on a bone in order to maintain or change posture, for locomotion, or for ventilation in the lungs.

39
Q

What are common adaptions in both skeletal striated and cardiac muscle?

A

They have contractile myofibrils and large numbers of mitochondria to supply ATP needed for contractions.

40
Q

Why are male gametes greater in quantity than female gametes?

A

To increase their chance of fertilization a female gamete.

40
Q

What are some adaptions of cardiac muscle cells?

A
  1. Branched: each is connected to others, allowing electrical stimuli to be propogated rapidly through the tissue.
  2. Cell-to-cell junctions with intercalated discs and connections between plasma membranes and cytoplasm that allow rapid propagation of electrical stimuli.
  3. 50-100 micrometers long
  4. One nucleus per cell
40
Q

Why are female gametes large in size?

A
  • They contain nearly all food reserves for the early development of the embryo.
41
Q

What are some adaptions in striated muscle fibers?

A
  • Unbranched, cylindrical shape.
  • They are multinucleated but are enclosed in a plasma membrane.
  • They have blunt ends where fibres meet bit o intercalated discs or connections.
  • Very long, narrow cells, 30,000 micros long an average
42
Q

Why are female gametes far less greater in quantity than male gametes?

A
  • A large investment in food resources goes to female gametes.
42
Q

Describe the structure of an egg cell:

A

Spherical cell, diameter of 110 micrometers
- Corona radiata, follicle cells
- Zona pellucida, membrane
- First polar cell
- Cortical granules
- Cytoplasm, or yolk
- two centrioles
- Haploid nucleus

43
Q

What are some adaptations of egg cells?

A
  • Haploid nucleus, contains 23 chromos that are passed from mother to offspring.
  • Cytoplasm/yolk, contains fat and other nutrients needed for embryo development
  • Cortical granules. harden the zona pellucida after fertilization to prevent more than one sperm entering
  • Zona pellucida, protects the egg cell and restricts sperm entry
  • first polar cell, breaks down as its usually not needed.
  • centrioles, organize the mitotic spindle fibers used during mitosis
43
Q

State the components of a sperm cell’s structure:

A
  • Head (3 micrometers wide, 4 long)
  • Plasma membrane
  • acrosome
  • Haploid nucleus
  • Centriole
  • Mid-piece
  • Helical mitochondria
  • Microtubules
  • Protein Fibers
43
Q

State the components of a sperm cell’s structure:

A
  • Head (3 micrometers wide, 4 long)
  • Plasma membrane
  • acrosome
  • Haploid nucleus
  • Centriole
  • Mid-piece
  • Helical mitochondria
  • Microtubules
  • Protein Fibers
43
Q

What are some adaptations of the human sperm cell?

A
  • Acrosome: contains enzymes that digest the zona pellusida
  • Haploid nucleus: contains 23 chromosomes that are passed on to offspring.
  • Helical Mitochondria: produces ATP by aerobic respiration to supply energy for swimming.
  • Tail: provides repulsion that allows the sperm to swim to swim up the uterus and oviduct.
  • Microtubules: 9 + 2 array that make the sperm tail beat from side to side.
  • Protein fibers: strengthens the tail.

Biology (16 decks)

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