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Biology > C3.1 Integration of Body systems > Flashcards

C3.1 Integration of Body systems Flashcards

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1
Q

System integration

A

when components coordinate and communicate, happens on multiple levels of organization

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2
Q

Tissue

A

A group of a single cell type or different specialized cells that carry out a function.

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3
Q

Ex of tissue:

A
  • Alveolar walls with type I and II pneumoctytes.
  • Cardiac muscle with cardiomyocyte.
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4
Q

Organ

A
  • A group of different tissues in an animal or plant that carry out a specific function.
  • kidney is an organ of excretion.
  • Leaf is an organ of photosynthesis.
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5
Q

body system

A

Group of organs that interact together to perform a specific function.

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6
Q

How are organs in body systems connected?

A
  • Physically
  • Dispersed and interact chemically (Endocrine for example).
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7
Q

Organism

A

Living individual made up of interconnected organ systems.

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8
Q

What two properties are needed for integration:

A
  • Transport of materials by the circulatory system
  • Communication by the endocrine and nervous system.
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9
Q

List the things transported by the circulatory system through the blood:

A
  • Energy in the form of substrates to be oxidized (glucose ms)
  • Oxygen
  • Water and carbon compounds.
  • Waste products.
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10
Q

Compare the endo and nervous system (type of signal);

A
  • Chemical
  • Electrical
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11
Q

Compare the endo and nervous system (Transmission route):

A
  • Widespread but to target cells.
  • Synapses to specific cells,
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12
Q

Compare the endo and nervous system (Effectors)

A
  • Target Cells
  • Muscles or glands
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13
Q

Compare the endo and nervous system (Speed of response):

A
  • Slower
  • Extremely rapid (up to 100ms)
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14
Q

Compare the endo and nervous system (Duration of response):

A
  • Until a hormone is broken down, longer.
  • Short duration.
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15
Q

Give 2 examples of sensory receptors:

A
  • Receptors in sense organs.
  • Blood pressure receptors in blood vessels.
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16
Q

How does the brain integrate information:

A
  • Recieves info from sensory neurons and processes and stores it when needed.
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17
Q

Memory

A

the capacity to store information

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18
Q

What does processing info lead to…

A

Decision-making then an action triggered by a response.

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19
Q

Where is the spinal cord located?

A

Vertebral column

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20
Q

Location of grey matter and function:

A

Centre of spinal cord, acts as an integrating center for unconscious processes, especially reflexes as its a closer receiver for signals compared to the brain.

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21
Q

How does the spinal cord carry out unconscious processes:

A
  • Info from the brain/sensory organs is carried by neurons to the grey matter»Motor neurons convey signals from the grey matter to the muscles and glands.
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22
Q

Contrast unconscious and conscious processes:

A

Conscious: occur when awake, voluntary, controlled only by cerebral hemispheres, striated muscle is controlled voluntarily.
- Unconscious: when asleep, involuntary, controlled by brain and spinal cord, glands and smooth muscles controlled involuntarily.

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23
Q

Examples of unconscious processes:

A
  • Peristalsis, saliva secretion
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24
Q

Examples of conscious processes:

A
  • Putting food into mouth, chewing.
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25
Q

Receptor cell functions

A
  • Detect external stimuli
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26
Q

Types of receptor cells:

A
  • Rod and cone cells in the retina (light).
    Internal:
  • Stretch receptors in striated muscle cells (state of contraction).
  • Stretch receptors in walls of arteries (blood pressure).
  • Chemoreceptors in artery walls (conc of O2, CO2, and glucose).
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27
Q

Explain how signals are conveyed to the CNS from sensory neurons:

A

Receptors cells detect external stimuli&raquo_space;> Impulse passes to sensory neurons»> Signals are conveyed the central nervous system.

28
Q

state the 2 possible routes of axon of sensory neurons:

A
  • Spinal cord through 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
  • Brain by 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
29
Q

from Where does the spinal cord receive its signals:

A
  • Other organs in the body.
30
Q

from Where does the brain receive its signals and where does it receive them?

A
  • Main sense organs located in the head.
  • Specialized areas in the cerebral hemispheres.
31
Q

from Where does the brain receive its signals and where does it receive them? (Give an example)

A

The visual cortex that receives signals from rod and cone cells in the posterior part of the cerebrum.

32
Q

Outline the structure of the spinal cord:

A
  • Grey matter contains cell bodies and many synapses.
  • White matter with axons carrying nerve impulses to or from the brain.
  • Ventral root: contains axons of motor neurons.
  • Dorsal root of spinal nerve containing axon of sensory neurons.
33
Q

Striated muscle function

A

maintains posture and is used for locomotion

34
Q

How is muscle contraction triggered by the motor cortex in the cerebral hemisphere:

A
  • Axon of motor neurons in the motor hemispheres sending signals to interneurons, then sensory neurons, then muscle contraction.
35
Q

Nerve

A

A bundle of nerve fibres enclosed in a protective sheath.

36
Q

What effects nerve size:

A
  • The number of nerve fibres present
  • How many of them are myelinated
37
Q

What is the widest nerve?

A

Sciatic nerve (20mm)

38
Q

How many nerves does the optic nerve contain:

A

1.7 million

39
Q

Which nerve contains exclusively motor neurons?

A

Oculomotor

40
Q

Which nerve contains exclusively sensory neurons?

A

Optic nerve

41
Q

Reflex action

A

Rapid, involuntary response to a specific stimulus.

42
Q

Why are pain reflex arcs able to carry out extremely fast responses:

A
  • Very simple type of coordination, contains a small number of neurons.
43
Q

How does a reflex arc generate a response?

A

1) Receptor cells perceive stimulus (pain and heat are perceives directly by nerve endings).
2) Sensory neurons receive the signal and pass it to interneurons in grey matter via axon.
3) Interneurons combine impulses from multiple inputs and then pass an impulse to specific other neurons to process signals and make decisions.
4) Motor neurons receive the signal and if a threshold potential is achieved, an impulse is passed along an axon which leads to an effector.
5) Carry out the response to a stimulus.

44
Q

Cerebellum Function

A
  • Coordinates the timing of skeletal muscle contractions, balance, and posture.
45
Q

Which group of cells set the circadian rhythm and how do they do it?

A
  • Suprachiasmatic cells
  • Control the secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland.
46
Q

Outline Melatonin levels in the night and day:

A
  • High-levels of melatonin at night.
  • Lower levels in the morning.
47
Q

How does light effect the secretion of melatonin?

A
  • Type of ganglion cell in the retina detects light of a wavelength of 460-480nm and passes impulses to cells in SCN.
  • SCN adjusts melatonin secretion to day-night cycles.
48
Q

Where is epinephrine secreted from?

A

Adrenal Glands

49
Q

Effects of epinephrine on different target cells:

A
  • striated muscle fibres (glycogen>glucose), substrates for respiration.
  • liver cells (glycogen>glucose), release to blood.
  • relaxing smooth muscle cells>bronchioles widen>easier ventilation.
  • brainstem cells stimulate intercostal muscles and diaphram to contract more and faster, larger total volume of air.
  • sinoatrial node speeds up heart rate, more cardiac output.
  • smooth muscle cells relax>vasodilation of muscle and liver arterioles>more blood flow
  • contraction of smooth muscle cells, arterioles carrying blood to the gut/skin/kidney vasoconstrict, less blood flow.
50
Q

How do the responses of target cells to adrenaline cause vigorous activity?

A
  • more blood supplied to striated muscle cells>, more glucose/O2 carried> More ATP produced, more powerful muscle contractions>Increased activity when needed under stress
51
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

It links the endocrine and the nervous system through the pituitary gland.

52
Q

Where does the hypothalamus receive hormones?

A
  • other areas in the brain
  • sensors for temperature, blood glucose, and solute concentrations.
53
Q

How does the hypothalamus carry out osmoregulation?

A
  • Senses solute concentration in blood>prompts the release of ADH hormone in the posterior pituitary gland>increases reabsorption of water in the kidneys
54
Q

How does the hypothalamus start puberty?

A

1) Releases GnRH
2) Hormone prompts the anterior pituitary gland to release FSH and LH.
3) Initiates puberty

55
Q

In what cases is the heart rate increased:

A
  • High CO2
  • Low O2
  • Low pH
  • Low blood pressure
56
Q

In what cases is the heart rate decreased:

A
  • High blood pressure
  • High pH
  • High O2
  • Low Co2
57
Q

What do baroreceptors do?

A

They monitor blood pressure in the walls of the aorta and carotid arteries.

58
Q

What do chemoreceptors do?

A

They monitor the conc of co2, o2, and pH in blood.

59
Q

Write the series of steps needed to raise heart rate:

A

1) Baro and Chemo receptors sense low blood pressure, low O2 and high CO2, and low pH.
2) signals are sent to the cardiovascular centre in the medulla ablongata.
3) Signals sent to the SA node from the sympathetic nerve, sets heart rate by initiating each heart rate.

60
Q

Outline how heart rate is decreased:

A
  • Chemoreceptors sense high pH, low CO2, high O2.
  • Baroreceptors sense high blood pressure.
    2) Signals are sent to the cardiovascular centre in the medulla oblongata.
    3) Signal is sent to the SA node through the Vagus nerve where it sets the heart rate by initiating each heart beat.
61
Q

Outline how epinephrine increases heart rate:

A

1) Chemo and baroreceptors sense blood conditions and send signals to the hypothalamus:
2) hypothalamus triggers nerve impulses sent to the adrenal gland to secrete EPN.
3) EPN causes SA node in the right atrium to increase the heart rate.

62
Q

Normal pH of blood, low pH and effect:

A
  • 7.35-7.45
  • lower than 6.8 pH means acidosis, body follows a negative feedback loop to control this.
63
Q

Outline the steps of increasing ventilation rate:

A

1) Highe activity>high cell repiration> high co2> low pH.
2) chemo receptors in carotid and aorta arteries monitor blood pH and O2 concentration.
3) Respiratory centre in the brainstem processes inputs and sends signals to the diaphram, intercostal muscles, and abdominal muscles to contract.

64
Q

Explain peristalsis:

A
  • A wave of contraction and relaxation of longitudinal and circular muscle fibers that moves food from the mouth to the stomach, intestines, and anus.
  • Involuntary
  • Controlled by the enteric nervous system.
65
Q

How do muscles fibers do peristalsis?

A
  • they relax in front of a bolus to widen and lengthen the gut and contract behind the bolus to shorten the gut and make the lumen narrower to push the food along.
66
Q

what are some voluntary processes in the digestive system:

A
  • Swallowing: tongue pushed food to back>pharynx touch receptors stimulated>signals to brainstem>muscle contractions push food to esophogus.
  • Defecation>sphincter in anus widens and relaxes and rectum contracts.

Biology (20 decks)

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