B1.1 Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards
How many covalent bonds can carbon form?
4
What type of bonds are between C and H in methane?
Single
What bonds are in Co2?
Two double covalent bonds
Why does carbon have such a diverse range of compounds?
It’s ability to link to four other atoms and form complex molecular structures (chains of atoms or rings, rings can be single or multiple, chains can extend to any number of atoms).
What bonds link macromolecule subunits?
Covalent
Subunits of Biomolecules are called…
Monomers
Polymer
A chain of ten or more monomers, (polypeptides, Nucleic acids, polysaccharides)
Reactants of a condensation reaction
one hydroxyl (-OH) group and a hydrogen atom
Products of a condensation reaction
- Water
- Covalent bond
- A larger molecule
What’s a hydrolysis reaction?
The reverse of a condensation reaction
What happens in a Hydrolysis reaction?
Large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, water molecules used up are split into -H groups and -OH groups.
What are hydrolysis reactions used for?
Food digestion
Polypeptide + Water =?
Amino acid
Polysaccharide + Water =?
Monosaccharides
Glyceride + Water = ?
Fatty acids + Glycerol
Steps of a Hydrolysis reaction?
1) C-O bond broken
2) OH from water bonds to C
3) H from water bonds to O
Types of Monosaccharides
Trioses, Pentoses, Hexoses
Types of atoms in a monosaccharide
C, H, O
Ratio of monosaccharide atoms
1:2:1
Glucose’ solubility in water…
Makes it transport carbohydrates in blood, where it’s’ dissolved in plasma.
Glucose can be oxidized, so…
It’s used as a source of energy that is released when glucose is used as a substrate in cell respiration.
Glucose + O2 =?
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate), carbon dioxide, and water
Glucose is chemically stable, so…
It’s used as energy storage usually after conversion to a polysaccharide
Diameter of a Carbon atom (in nm)
0.15 nanometers
What do plants use as an energy source?
Starch
What do mammals use as an energy source?
Glycogen stored in liver and muscle
What are starch and glycogen composed of?
Alpha glucose
F and Func in starch and glycogen:
- Coiled and branched form makes them compact and not as much space taken.
- Insoluble so they do not draw an excessive amount if water into cells by osmosis.
- (Glucose) It’s branched chain shape makes it easier to remove when in surplus and easier to expand when scarce.
What molecules is cellulose composed of?
Beta-glucose molecules
Lol
Lol
Lipids dissolve in…
Non-Polar solvents
In water lipids are…
Insoluble
Octacoanoic Acid (lipid) function:
Cutin on leaves
Palmitic Acid (lipid) function
Animal Fat component
Cholesterol (lipid) function
Membrane Component
Linoleic acid
Plant oil component
The carboxyl group on fatty acids is…
Acidic
Triglycerides are made by…
combining fatty acids and glycerol.
Two structures in a fat acid are:
Unbranded hydrocarbon chain, and an acidic carboxyl group
How is a triglyceride formed?
Condensation reaction between the COOH groups of 3 fatty acids and the OH groups of one glycerol molecule.
What are the bonds that link the fatty acids to glycerol?
Ester Bonds
How are phospholipids made?
Combining 2 fatty acids with one phosphate group.
Link HC chains and P group’s composition to their properties:
P group is hydrophilic, and HC chains are hydrophobic so there are on opposite sides of the molecule
Saturated fatty acids
All carbon atoms are connected by single covalent bonds so that the number of hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbons are at full capacity.
Monounsaturated
Have a double bind between two of the c atoms in the molecule, more H could be added if it was replaced by a a single bond
Polyunsaturated Fatty acids
2 or more double bonds
What does a double bond put into a hydrocarbon chain?
A kink ☠️
What does the kink ☠️ give as a consequence?
Unsaturated fatty acids do not pack together as neatly as the saturated ones. so they melt at a lower temperature.
What’s a helpful property of unsaturated fatty acids?
Their lower melting points can allow stores of triglyceride to remain liquid so birds and mammals with constant high temperatures can store fats
Plants use ….. as their tissues are below the melting point of fats.
Oils
Phospholipids are…
amphipathic
How do the chemical properties of phospholipids explain their ability to form bilayers?
The hydrophilic heads face outwards and make contact with the water while the hydrocarbon tails face inwards and are more attracted to each other than to the water outside.
What property of steroids allows them to pass through phospholipid bilayers?
They are mostly hydrocarbon and therefore hydrophobic.
