C4 Flashcards
theory
set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that presents a systematic view of events/situations by specifying relations among variables in order to explain and predict the events of the situations
- systematic arrangement of fundamental principles that provide a basis for explaining certain happenings of life
- role = untangle and simplify for human comprehension the complexities of nature
Concept
primary elements of theories
Construct
when a concept has been developed, created, or adopted for use with a specific theory
“the key concepts of a theory are its constructs”
Variable
operational form (practical use) of a construct -quantitative measurement of a construct
Model
composite, mixture of ideas/concepts taken from any number of theories and used together
- draw on a # of theories to help ppl understand a specific problem in a particular setting/context
- not always as specific as theory and they do not attempt to explain the processes underlying learning, but only to rep them
Why is it important to use theory in the practice of health education/promotion?
helps organize various forms of knowledge (data, facts, info) so they take on meaning that help guide the work of a practitioner
helps health ed spec plan, implement, and evaluate programs
(1) indicates reasons why ppl are not behaving in healthy ways
(2) identifies info needed before dev an intervention
(3) provides a conceptual framework for selecting constructs to dev intervention
(4) gives insights into how best ot deliver the intervention
(5) identifies measurements needed to evaluate the intervention’s impact
provides a useful reference point to help keep research and implementation activities clearly focused
infuses ethics/social justice into practice
consistent w/ current emphasis on using evidence-based interventions in pub health, behav medicine, and med
What are the seven levels of influence within the socio-ecological approach?
1) intrapersonal: the individ and their characteristics, such as knowledge, attitudes, values, and skills that influence behavior
2) interpersonal: social relationships, including family + friendship ties and connections
3) organizational influences and factors : rules, regulations, policies, and informal structure, which may constrain or promote recommended behaviors
4) community chracteristics: social networks/norms/standards, which exist as formal or informal among individs, groups and orgs
5) public policy: local, state, fed policies/laws that regulate or support healhty actions/practices for disease prevention, early detection, control, and management
6) physical environment: natural + built enviro
7) culture: shared beliefs, values, behaviors, and practices of population
Socio-Ecological Model
multilevel, interactive approach examines how physical, social, political, economic, and cultural dimensions influence behaviors and conditions; emphasizes the interaction btwn interdependence of factors w/in and across all levels of a health pop
intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community, public policy, physical environment, culture
Health Belief Model
helps explain why ppl would/would not use health services
addresses the individ’s perceptions of the threat posed by a health problem (susceptibility, severity), the benefits of avoiding the threat, and factors influencing the decision to act (barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy
Theory of Planned Behavior
individ’s intention to perform a given behavior is a function of their attitude toward performing the behavior, their beliefs about what relevant others think they should do, and their perception of the ease or difficulty of performing the behavior
influences intention: attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, actual behavioral control
Transtheoretical model/Stages of change
proposes that intentional behavior change occurs in stages. as ppl attempt to change their behavior, they move through a variety of stages using diff processes to help tthem get from one stage to the next unitl a desired behavior is attained
draws from the constructs of a number of theories
precontemplation (not intending to change) –> contemplation (intending to change w/in 6 months) –> preparation (actively planning change) –> action (overtly making changes) –> maintenance (taking steps to sustain change and resist temptation to relapse) –> termination (time when individ who made a change now have 0 temptation to return to their old behavior; they have 100% self-efficacy (lifetime of maintenance)
Social Cognitive Theory
aka social learning theory
- asserts that the social environment, the personal characteristics of the individual, and behavior interact and influence each other
- believe that reinforcement contributes to learning and combo of reinforcement w/ individ’s expectations of behavior’s consequences determines behavior
constructs p 113
Diffusion Theory
explanation for the movement of an innovation through a population
adopters: ppl who become consumers of an innovation
innovators: first to adopt an innovation
early adopters: very interested in innovation but they dont want to be first invovled; respected by others in the social system and look at as an opinion leaders
early majority: may be interested in the innovation but need some external motivation to get involved; make up the largest groups
late minority: skeptics who will not addopt an innovation until most ppl in the social system have done so
laggards: last ones to get involved in an innovation
Generalized model for program planning
planning model that includes the 5 majors steps in developing a program : A. Set. D.I.E.
PRECEDE-PROCEED
precede: assessment
proceed: evaluation
begins by identifying the desire outcome, determines what causes it, and finally designs an intervention aimed at reaching the desired outcome; starts w/ consequences and works it way backwards
PRECEDE: predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling constructs in educational/ecological diagnosis and evaluation
PROCEED: policy, regulatory, and organizaitonal constructs in educational and environmental development
What is the difference between intrapersonal theories and interpersonal theories?
intrapersonal: focus on factors w/in individ such as knowledge, attitudes, bliefs, self-concept, developmental histoory, past experiecnes, motivation, skills and behavior
ex: health belief model, thoery of planned behavior
interpersonal: assume that individ exist w/in and are influence by a social enviorment ; opinions, thoughts, behavior, adivce and support of the ppl surrounding an individ influence his or her feelings and behavior and the individ has a reciprocal effect on those ppl
ex: social cognitive theory
What is the difference between Continuum theories and stage theories?
continuum theory: identifies variables that influence actions (beliefs, attitudes), quanitfies the variables, and combines those variables into a single equation that predicts the likelihood of action; health belief model
stage theory: ordered set of categories into which ppl can be classified; identifies factors that could induce movement from one category to the next
- 4 principel elements : (1) category system to define the stages (2) ordering of stages (3) barriers to change that are common to ppl in the same stage (4) different barriers to change, facing ppl in diff stages
ex: Transtheoretical model of change - advocates claim that there are qualitative diff among ppl and question whether changes in health behaviors can be described by a single prediciton equation
What five components seem to be common to the planning models presented in this chapter?
A. SET. D.I.E
To complete the transtheoretical model of change you need to reach which of the following stages?
a) maintenance
b) relapse
c) termination
d) action
e) preparation
C
Before being known as the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) this theory was known as the _______?
Social Learning Theory (SLT)
A concept is a construct that has been developed, created, or adopted for use with a specific theory.
T
In the Diffusion Theory, which of the following adopters are the last ones to get involved in an innovation, if they even get involved at all?
A. Innovators B. Early majority C. Laggards D. Late majority E. Early adopters
c
In the Generalized Model for Program Planning, why do health educators asses needs?
To collect and analyze data to determine the health needs of a population
The Diffusion Theory provides an explanation for the diffusion of health problems in populations.
F
The theory that states that consumers can be either innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority or laggards is the:
Diffusion theory
All of the following are considered planning models except: PRECEDE-PROCEED MATCH SMART Generalized Model Community Readiness Model
Community Readiness Model
The Generalized Model includes the five primary tasks of A.SET.D.I.E.
T
Those that are interested in innovation but do not want to be the first involved are known as
Early adopters
The Community Readiness Model (CRM) has nine stages. One of the stages is described as follows:
Planning is taking place but it is not based on collected data. There is leadership ad modest support for efforts. Resources are being sought.
Which stage is this?
Preparation
Impact evaluation is defined as the assessment of the effects of a program on its ultimate objectives, including changes in health and social benefits or quality of life.
False (Correct answer is outcome evaluation)
The primary elements of theories are known as:
concepts
Which level of influence is defined as individual characteristics that influence behavior, such as knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and personality traits?
Intrapersonal
The Transtheoretical Model of Change proposes that intentional behavior change occurs in stages.
T
According to diffusion theory, those who are interested in getting involved, but do not want to be the first ones to engage are called
Early adopters
The PRECEDE portion of the PROCEED-PRECEDE portion focuses on implementation.
False
In the Community Readiness Model (CRM), there are nine stages involved. The stage at which planning is taking place but it is not based on collected data is:
D. Preplanning
The Transtheoretical Model of Change states that behavior change occurs in stages and an individual moves through the stages until the desired behavior is attained. Which of the following stages is not included in a successful movement throughout the Transtheoretical Model of Change?
Relapse
Which of the following constructs is accurately defined and used in the Social Cognitive Theory
A) Behavioral capability; belief about the likely outcomes of certain behaviors
B) Locus of control: perception of the center of control over reinforcement
C) Reciprocal determinism: for people to learn they must be able to deal with sources of anxiety
D) Self efficacy: gaining control over own behavior through monitoring and adjusting
E) Expectations: values people place on expected outcomes
B
The Social Cognitive Theory used to be known as the Social Learning Theory explaining that the social environment, personality, and behavior interact and influence each other
True
Which of the following is a multilevel, interactive approach that examines how physical, social, and cultural dimensions influence behavior and conditions?
a. socio-ecological approach
b. theory of planned behavior
c. social cognitive theory
d. continuum theory
e. community readiness model
a
Which of the best describes the difference between a concept and a model?
a. A concept is a quantitative measurement of a construct, while a model is a concept that has been developed for use with a specific theory
b. A concept is a primary element of a theory, while a model is a concept that has been developed for use with a specifc theory
c. A concept is a mixture of ideas from a number of theories used together, while a model is a primary element of a theory
d. A concept is a primary element of a theory, while a model is a mixture of ideas from a number of theories used together
e. There is no difference between a concept and a model
d
Expectations are values people place on expected outcomes
F
The PRECED-PROCEED model has how many phases?
8
Which of the following is not one of the five tasks incorporated in the Generalized Model (GM)?
A. Asking questions
B. Setting goals and objectives
C. Developing interventions
D. Implementing interventions
E. Evaluating results
a
When people become “consumers” of an innovation, they are referred to as laggards.
f
