C4

Question 1

theory

Answer 1

set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that presents a systematic view of events/situations by specifying relations among variables in order to explain and predict the events of the situations

• systematic arrangement of fundamental principles that provide a basis for explaining certain happenings of life
• role = untangle and simplify for human comprehension the complexities of nature

Question 2

Concept

Answer 2

primary elements of theories

Question 3

Construct

Answer 3

when a concept has been developed, created, or adopted for use with a specific theory
“the key concepts of a theory are its constructs”

Question 4

Variable

Answer 4

operational form (practical use) of a construct 
-quantitative measurement of a construct

Question 5

Model

Answer 5

composite, mixture of ideas/concepts taken from any number of theories and used together

• draw on a # of theories to help ppl understand a specific problem in a particular setting/context
• not always as specific as theory and they do not attempt to explain the processes underlying learning, but only to rep them

Question 6

Why is it important to use theory in the practice of health education/promotion?

Answer 6

helps organize various forms of knowledge (data, facts, info) so they take on meaning that help guide the work of a practitioner

helps health ed spec plan, implement, and evaluate programs

(1) indicates reasons why ppl are not behaving in healthy ways
(2) identifies info needed before dev an intervention
(3) provides a conceptual framework for selecting constructs to dev intervention
(4) gives insights into how best ot deliver the intervention
(5) identifies measurements needed to evaluate the intervention’s impact

provides a useful reference point to help keep research and implementation activities clearly focused

infuses ethics/social justice into practice

consistent w/ current emphasis on using evidence-based interventions in pub health, behav medicine, and med

Question 7

What are the seven levels of influence within the socio-ecological approach?

Answer 7

1) intrapersonal: the individ and their characteristics, such as knowledge, attitudes, values, and skills that influence behavior
2) interpersonal: social relationships, including family + friendship ties and connections
3) organizational influences and factors : rules, regulations, policies, and informal structure, which may constrain or promote recommended behaviors
4) community chracteristics: social networks/norms/standards, which exist as formal or informal among individs, groups and orgs
5) public policy: local, state, fed policies/laws that regulate or support healhty actions/practices for disease prevention, early detection, control, and management
6) physical environment: natural + built enviro
7) culture: shared beliefs, values, behaviors, and practices of population

Question 8

Socio-Ecological Model

Answer 8

multilevel, interactive approach examines how physical, social, political, economic, and cultural dimensions influence behaviors and conditions; emphasizes the interaction btwn interdependence of factors w/in and across all levels of a health pop

intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community, public policy, physical environment, culture

Question 9

Health Belief Model

Answer 9

helps explain why ppl would/would not use health services

addresses the individ’s perceptions of the threat posed by a health problem (susceptibility, severity), the benefits of avoiding the threat, and factors influencing the decision to act (barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy

Question 10

Theory of Planned Behavior

Answer 10

individ’s intention to perform a given behavior is a function of their attitude toward performing the behavior, their beliefs about what relevant others think they should do, and their perception of the ease or difficulty of performing the behavior

influences intention: attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, actual behavioral control

Question 11

Transtheoretical model/Stages of change

Answer 11

proposes that intentional behavior change occurs in stages. as ppl attempt to change their behavior, they move through a variety of stages using diff processes to help tthem get from one stage to the next unitl a desired behavior is attained

draws from the constructs of a number of theories

precontemplation (not intending to change) –> contemplation (intending to change w/in 6 months) –> preparation (actively planning change) –> action (overtly making changes) –> maintenance (taking steps to sustain change and resist temptation to relapse) –> termination (time when individ who made a change now have 0 temptation to return to their old behavior; they have 100% self-efficacy (lifetime of maintenance)

Question 12

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 12

aka social learning theory

• asserts that the social environment, the personal characteristics of the individual, and behavior interact and influence each other
• believe that reinforcement contributes to learning and combo of reinforcement w/ individ’s expectations of behavior’s consequences determines behavior

constructs p 113

Question 13

Diffusion Theory

Answer 13

explanation for the movement of an innovation through a population

adopters: ppl who become consumers of an innovation
innovators: first to adopt an innovation

early adopters: very interested in innovation but they dont want to be first invovled; respected by others in the social system and look at as an opinion leaders

early majority: may be interested in the innovation but need some external motivation to get involved; make up the largest groups

late minority: skeptics who will not addopt an innovation until most ppl in the social system have done so

laggards: last ones to get involved in an innovation

Question 14

Generalized model for program planning

Answer 14

planning model that includes the 5 majors steps in developing a program : A. Set. D.I.E.

Question 15

PRECEDE-PROCEED

Answer 15

precede: assessment
proceed: evaluation
begins by identifying the desire outcome, determines what causes it, and finally designs an intervention aimed at reaching the desired outcome; starts w/ consequences and works it way backwards

PRECEDE: predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling constructs in educational/ecological diagnosis and evaluation

PROCEED: policy, regulatory, and organizaitonal constructs in educational and environmental development

Question 16

What is the difference between intrapersonal theories and interpersonal theories?

Answer 16

intrapersonal: focus on factors w/in individ such as knowledge, attitudes, bliefs, self-concept, developmental histoory, past experiecnes, motivation, skills and behavior
ex: health belief model, thoery of planned behavior

interpersonal: assume that individ exist w/in and are influence by a social enviorment ; opinions, thoughts, behavior, adivce and support of the ppl surrounding an individ influence his or her feelings and behavior and the individ has a reciprocal effect on those ppl
ex: social cognitive theory

Question 17

What is the difference between Continuum theories and stage theories?

Answer 17

continuum theory: identifies variables that influence actions (beliefs, attitudes), quanitfies the variables, and combines those variables into a single equation that predicts the likelihood of action; health belief model

stage theory: ordered set of categories into which ppl can be classified; identifies factors that could induce movement from one category to the next

• 4 principel elements : (1) category system to define the stages (2) ordering of stages (3) barriers to change that are common to ppl in the same stage (4) different barriers to change, facing ppl in diff stages
  ex: Transtheoretical model of change
• advocates claim that there are qualitative diff among ppl and question whether changes in health behaviors can be described by a single prediciton equation

Question 18

What five components seem to be common to the planning models presented in this chapter?

Answer 18

A. SET. D.I.E

Question 19

To complete the transtheoretical model of change you need to reach which of the following stages?

a) maintenance
b) relapse
c) termination
d) action
e) preparation

Answer 19

C

Question 20

Before being known as the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) this theory was known as the _______?

Answer 20

Social Learning Theory (SLT)

Question 21

A concept is a construct that has been developed, created, or adopted for use with a specific theory.

Answer 21

T

Question 22

In the Diffusion Theory, which of the following adopters are the last ones to get involved in an innovation, if they even get involved at all?

A. Innovators
B. Early majority
C. Laggards
D. Late majority
E. Early adopters

Answer 22

c

Question 23

In the Generalized Model for Program Planning, why do health educators asses needs?

Answer 23

To collect and analyze data to determine the health needs of a population

Question 24

The Diffusion Theory provides an explanation for the diffusion of health problems in populations.

Answer 24

F

Question 25

The theory that states that consumers can be either innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority or laggards is the:

Answer 25

Diffusion theory

Question 26

``` All of the following are considered planning models except: PRECEDE-PROCEED MATCH SMART Generalized Model Community Readiness Model ```

Answer 26

Community Readiness Model

Question 27

The Generalized Model includes the five primary tasks of A.SET.D.I.E.

Answer 27

T

Question 28

Those that are interested in innovation but do not want to be the first involved are known as

Answer 28

Early adopters

Question 29

The Community Readiness Model (CRM) has nine stages. One of the stages is described as follows: Planning is taking place but it is not based on collected data. There is leadership ad modest support for efforts. Resources are being sought. Which stage is this?

Answer 29

Preparation

Question 30

Impact evaluation is defined as the assessment of the effects of a program on its ultimate objectives, including changes in health and social benefits or quality of life.

Answer 30

False (Correct answer is outcome evaluation)

Question 31

The primary elements of theories are known as:

Answer 31

concepts

Question 32

Which level of influence is defined as individual characteristics that influence behavior, such as knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and personality traits?

Answer 32

Intrapersonal

Question 33

The Transtheoretical Model of Change proposes that intentional behavior change occurs in stages.

Answer 33

T

Question 34

According to diffusion theory, those who are interested in getting involved, but do not want to be the first ones to engage are called

Answer 34

Early adopters

Question 35

The PRECEDE portion of the PROCEED-PRECEDE portion focuses on implementation.

Answer 35

False

Question 36

In the Community Readiness Model (CRM), there are nine stages involved. The stage at which planning is taking place but it is not based on collected data is:

Answer 36

D. Preplanning

Question 37

The Transtheoretical Model of Change states that behavior change occurs in stages and an individual moves through the stages until the desired behavior is attained. Which of the following stages is not included in a successful movement throughout the Transtheoretical Model of Change?

Answer 37

Relapse

Question 38

Which of the following constructs is accurately defined and used in the Social Cognitive Theory A) Behavioral capability; belief about the likely outcomes of certain behaviors B) Locus of control: perception of the center of control over reinforcement C) Reciprocal determinism: for people to learn they must be able to deal with sources of anxiety D) Self efficacy: gaining control over own behavior through monitoring and adjusting E) Expectations: values people place on expected outcomes

Answer 38

B

Question 39

The Social Cognitive Theory used to be known as the Social Learning Theory explaining that the social environment, personality, and behavior interact and influence each other

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Which of the following is a multilevel, interactive approach that examines how physical, social, and cultural dimensions influence behavior and conditions? a. socio-ecological approach b. theory of planned behavior c. social cognitive theory d. continuum theory e. community readiness model

Answer 40

a

Question 41

Which of the best describes the difference between a concept and a model? a. A concept is a quantitative measurement of a construct, while a model is a concept that has been developed for use with a specific theory b. A concept is a primary element of a theory, while a model is a concept that has been developed for use with a specifc theory c. A concept is a mixture of ideas from a number of theories used together, while a model is a primary element of a theory d. A concept is a primary element of a theory, while a model is a mixture of ideas from a number of theories used together e. There is no difference between a concept and a model

Answer 41

d

Question 42

Expectations are values people place on expected outcomes

Answer 42

F

Question 43

The PRECED-PROCEED model has how many phases?

Answer 43

8

Question 44

Which of the following is not one of the five tasks incorporated in the Generalized Model (GM)? A. Asking questions B. Setting goals and objectives C. Developing interventions D. Implementing interventions E. Evaluating results

Answer 44

a

Question 45

When people become “consumers” of an innovation, they are referred to as laggards.

Answer 45

f