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C4 Flashcards

1
Q

theory

A

set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that presents a systematic view of events/situations by specifying relations among variables in order to explain and predict the events of the situations

  • systematic arrangement of fundamental principles that provide a basis for explaining certain happenings of life
  • role = untangle and simplify for human comprehension the complexities of nature
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2
Q

Concept

A

primary elements of theories

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3
Q

Construct

A

when a concept has been developed, created, or adopted for use with a specific theory
“the key concepts of a theory are its constructs”

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4
Q

Variable

A 
operational form (practical use) of a construct 
-quantitative measurement of a construct
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5
Q

Model

A

composite, mixture of ideas/concepts taken from any number of theories and used together

  • draw on a # of theories to help ppl understand a specific problem in a particular setting/context
  • not always as specific as theory and they do not attempt to explain the processes underlying learning, but only to rep them
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6
Q

Why is it important to use theory in the practice of health education/promotion?

A

helps organize various forms of knowledge (data, facts, info) so they take on meaning that help guide the work of a practitioner

helps health ed spec plan, implement, and evaluate programs

(1) indicates reasons why ppl are not behaving in healthy ways
(2) identifies info needed before dev an intervention
(3) provides a conceptual framework for selecting constructs to dev intervention
(4) gives insights into how best ot deliver the intervention
(5) identifies measurements needed to evaluate the intervention’s impact

provides a useful reference point to help keep research and implementation activities clearly focused

infuses ethics/social justice into practice

consistent w/ current emphasis on using evidence-based interventions in pub health, behav medicine, and med

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7
Q

What are the seven levels of influence within the socio-ecological approach?

A

1) intrapersonal: the individ and their characteristics, such as knowledge, attitudes, values, and skills that influence behavior
2) interpersonal: social relationships, including family + friendship ties and connections
3) organizational influences and factors : rules, regulations, policies, and informal structure, which may constrain or promote recommended behaviors
4) community chracteristics: social networks/norms/standards, which exist as formal or informal among individs, groups and orgs
5) public policy: local, state, fed policies/laws that regulate or support healhty actions/practices for disease prevention, early detection, control, and management
6) physical environment: natural + built enviro
7) culture: shared beliefs, values, behaviors, and practices of population

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8
Q

Socio-Ecological Model

A

multilevel, interactive approach examines how physical, social, political, economic, and cultural dimensions influence behaviors and conditions; emphasizes the interaction btwn interdependence of factors w/in and across all levels of a health pop

intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community, public policy, physical environment, culture

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9
Q

Health Belief Model

A

helps explain why ppl would/would not use health services

addresses the individ’s perceptions of the threat posed by a health problem (susceptibility, severity), the benefits of avoiding the threat, and factors influencing the decision to act (barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy

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10
Q

Theory of Planned Behavior

A

individ’s intention to perform a given behavior is a function of their attitude toward performing the behavior, their beliefs about what relevant others think they should do, and their perception of the ease or difficulty of performing the behavior

influences intention: attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, actual behavioral control

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11
Q

Transtheoretical model/Stages of change

A

proposes that intentional behavior change occurs in stages. as ppl attempt to change their behavior, they move through a variety of stages using diff processes to help tthem get from one stage to the next unitl a desired behavior is attained

draws from the constructs of a number of theories

precontemplation (not intending to change) –> contemplation (intending to change w/in 6 months) –> preparation (actively planning change) –> action (overtly making changes) –> maintenance (taking steps to sustain change and resist temptation to relapse) –> termination (time when individ who made a change now have 0 temptation to return to their old behavior; they have 100% self-efficacy (lifetime of maintenance)

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12
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

aka social learning theory

  • asserts that the social environment, the personal characteristics of the individual, and behavior interact and influence each other
  • believe that reinforcement contributes to learning and combo of reinforcement w/ individ’s expectations of behavior’s consequences determines behavior

constructs p 113

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13
Q

Diffusion Theory

A

explanation for the movement of an innovation through a population

adopters: ppl who become consumers of an innovation
innovators: first to adopt an innovation

early adopters: very interested in innovation but they dont want to be first invovled; respected by others in the social system and look at as an opinion leaders

early majority: may be interested in the innovation but need some external motivation to get involved; make up the largest groups

late minority: skeptics who will not addopt an innovation until most ppl in the social system have done so

laggards: last ones to get involved in an innovation

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14
Q

Generalized model for program planning

A

planning model that includes the 5 majors steps in developing a program : A. Set. D.I.E.

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15
Q

PRECEDE-PROCEED

A

precede: assessment
proceed: evaluation
begins by identifying the desire outcome, determines what causes it, and finally designs an intervention aimed at reaching the desired outcome; starts w/ consequences and works it way backwards

PRECEDE: predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling constructs in educational/ecological diagnosis and evaluation

PROCEED: policy, regulatory, and organizaitonal constructs in educational and environmental development

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16
Q

What is the difference between intrapersonal theories and interpersonal theories?

A

intrapersonal: focus on factors w/in individ such as knowledge, attitudes, bliefs, self-concept, developmental histoory, past experiecnes, motivation, skills and behavior
ex: health belief model, thoery of planned behavior

interpersonal: assume that individ exist w/in and are influence by a social enviorment ; opinions, thoughts, behavior, adivce and support of the ppl surrounding an individ influence his or her feelings and behavior and the individ has a reciprocal effect on those ppl
ex: social cognitive theory

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17
Q

What is the difference between Continuum theories and stage theories?

A

continuum theory: identifies variables that influence actions (beliefs, attitudes), quanitfies the variables, and combines those variables into a single equation that predicts the likelihood of action; health belief model

stage theory: ordered set of categories into which ppl can be classified; identifies factors that could induce movement from one category to the next

  • 4 principel elements : (1) category system to define the stages (2) ordering of stages (3) barriers to change that are common to ppl in the same stage (4) different barriers to change, facing ppl in diff stages
    ex: Transtheoretical model of change
  • advocates claim that there are qualitative diff among ppl and question whether changes in health behaviors can be described by a single prediciton equation
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18
Q

What five components seem to be common to the planning models presented in this chapter?

A

A. SET. D.I.E

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19
Q

To complete the transtheoretical model of change you need to reach which of the following stages?

a) maintenance
b) relapse
c) termination
d) action
e) preparation

A

C

20
Q

Before being known as the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) this theory was known as the _______?

A

Social Learning Theory (SLT)

21
Q

A concept is a construct that has been developed, created, or adopted for use with a specific theory.

A

T

22
Q

In the Diffusion Theory, which of the following adopters are the last ones to get involved in an innovation, if they even get involved at all?

A. Innovators
B. Early majority
C. Laggards
D. Late majority
E. Early adopters
A

c

23
Q

In the Generalized Model for Program Planning, why do health educators asses needs?

A

To collect and analyze data to determine the health needs of a population

24
Q

The Diffusion Theory provides an explanation for the diffusion of health problems in populations.

A

F

25
Q

The theory that states that consumers can be either innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority or laggards is the:

A

Diffusion theory

26
Q 
All of the following are considered planning models except:
PRECEDE-PROCEED
MATCH
SMART
Generalized Model
Community Readiness Model
A

Community Readiness Model

27
Q

The Generalized Model includes the five primary tasks of A.SET.D.I.E.

A

T

28
Q

Those that are interested in innovation but do not want to be the first involved are known as

A

Early adopters

29
Q

The Community Readiness Model (CRM) has nine stages. One of the stages is described as follows:

Planning is taking place but it is not based on collected data. There is leadership ad modest support for efforts. Resources are being sought.

Which stage is this?

A

Preparation

30
Q

Impact evaluation is defined as the assessment of the effects of a program on its ultimate objectives, including changes in health and social benefits or quality of life.

A

False (Correct answer is outcome evaluation)

31
Q

The primary elements of theories are known as:

A

concepts

32
Q

Which level of influence is defined as individual characteristics that influence behavior, such as knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and personality traits?

A

Intrapersonal

33
Q

The Transtheoretical Model of Change proposes that intentional behavior change occurs in stages.

A

T

34
Q

According to diffusion theory, those who are interested in getting involved, but do not want to be the first ones to engage are called

A

Early adopters

35
Q

The PRECEDE portion of the PROCEED-PRECEDE portion focuses on implementation.

A

False

36
Q

In the Community Readiness Model (CRM), there are nine stages involved. The stage at which planning is taking place but it is not based on collected data is:

A

D. Preplanning

37
Q

The Transtheoretical Model of Change states that behavior change occurs in stages and an individual moves through the stages until the desired behavior is attained. Which of the following stages is not included in a successful movement throughout the Transtheoretical Model of Change?

A

Relapse

38
Q

Which of the following constructs is accurately defined and used in the Social Cognitive Theory
A) Behavioral capability; belief about the likely outcomes of certain behaviors
B) Locus of control: perception of the center of control over reinforcement
C) Reciprocal determinism: for people to learn they must be able to deal with sources of anxiety
D) Self efficacy: gaining control over own behavior through monitoring and adjusting
E) Expectations: values people place on expected outcomes

A

B

39
Q

The Social Cognitive Theory used to be known as the Social Learning Theory explaining that the social environment, personality, and behavior interact and influence each other

A

True

40
Q

Which of the following is a multilevel, interactive approach that examines how physical, social, and cultural dimensions influence behavior and conditions?
a. socio-ecological approach

b. theory of planned behavior
c. social cognitive theory
d. continuum theory
e. community readiness model

A

a

41
Q

Which of the best describes the difference between a concept and a model?

a. A concept is a quantitative measurement of a construct, while a model is a concept that has been developed for use with a specific theory
b. A concept is a primary element of a theory, while a model is a concept that has been developed for use with a specifc theory
c. A concept is a mixture of ideas from a number of theories used together, while a model is a primary element of a theory
d. A concept is a primary element of a theory, while a model is a mixture of ideas from a number of theories used together
e. There is no difference between a concept and a model

A

d

42
Q

Expectations are values people place on expected outcomes

A

F

43
Q

The PRECED-PROCEED model has how many phases?

A

8

44
Q

Which of the following is not one of the five tasks incorporated in the Generalized Model (GM)?

A. Asking questions

B. Setting goals and objectives

C. Developing interventions

D. Implementing interventions

E. Evaluating results

A

a

45
Q

When people become “consumers” of an innovation, they are referred to as laggards.

A

f

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