C1 Flashcards
Health
dynamic state or condition that is multidimensional (physical, emotional, social, intellectual, spiritual and occupational) a resource for living, and results from a person’s interactions w/ and adaptation to the environment
o “State of complete mental, physical and social well being not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” World Health Organization (WHO)
o Seen as a resource for everyday life, not the object of living
o Positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources as well as physical capacities
o Good health should be a vehicle to reaching one’s goals for life, not be the goal of life
Community health
health status of a defined group of people and the actions and conditions to promote, protect and preserve their health
Health education
any combo of planned learning experiences using evidence based practices and/or sound theories that provide the opportunity to acquire knowledge, attitudes, and skills needed to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors
Health promotion
any planned combo of educational, political, environmental regulatory, or organizational mechanisms that support actions and conditions for living conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities
Disease prevention
the process of reducing risks and alleviating disease to promote, preserve, and restore health and minimize suffering and distress
Public health
the science and art of protecting and improving the health of communities through education, promotion of healthy lifestyles, and research for disease and injury prevention
Global health
health problems and concerns that transcend national boundaries and are beyond the control of individual nations, and are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions
Population health
health status of people who are not organized and have no identity as a group or locality and the actions/conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health
Coordinated school health
organized set of policies, procedures, and activities designed to protect, promote and improve health/wellbeing of pre-K through 12 students/staff, thus improving a student’s ability to learn o Comprehensive school health education o School health services o Healthy school environment o School counseling o Psychological and social services o Physical education o School nutrition services o Family and community involvement in school health o School-site health promotion for staff
Wellness
an approach to health that focuses on balancing the many aspects, or dimensions, of a person’s life through increasing the adoption of health enhancing conditions and behaviors rather than attempting to minimize conditions of illness
Epidemiology
study of the distribution/determinants of health-related states or other health problems
o Helps provide foundation for health ed/promotion profession
Endemic
occurs regularly in a pop as a matter of course
Epidemic
an unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related event in a population
Pandemic
an outbreak over a wide geographical area, such as a continent
Death rates
(mortality/fatality rates) number of deaths/100,000 resident population
• Most freq. used means of quantifying the seriousness of injury or disease
• Death is a clearly defined event so it’s the most reliable single indicator of health status of a pop
•expressed as crude, adjusted, or specific
Crude rate
expressed for a total population
Adjusted rate
also expressed for a total pop but is statistically adjusted for a certain characteristic, such as age
Specific rate
for a particular pop subgroup (ie. Disease/age)
Life Expectancy
avg # of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age and is based on a given set of age-specific death rates—generally the mortality conditions existing in the period mentioned
o May be determined by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, or other characteristics using age-specific death rates for the pop with that characteristic
o Most frequently used times to state life expectancy = at birth, 65 yo, and 75 yo
o Not necessarily useful predictor for any one individual
o In terms of evaluating the effect of chronic disease on a pop, life expectancies calculated after birth have been found to be more useful than measures at birth because life expectancy at birth = infant mortality rates
Years of potential life lost (YPLL)
o Measure of premature mortality
o Calculated by subtracting a person’s age at death from 75 years (dont need to know)
Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)
o 1 DALY = 1 lost year of “healthy” life as a result of being in states of poor health or disability
o Calculate: estimate the total of both years of life lost (YLL) and years lived w/ disability (YLD); then add them together
DNTK!
Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)
o Based on disability and life expectancy rather than mortality
o Sometimes called “healthy life expectancy”
o # of years of health life expected, on avg, in a given pop
o Can be calculated at birth and at other ages
Health-related quality of life (HRQOL)
o Encompasses aspects of overall quality of life that can be clearly shown to affect physical/mental health
o Used to measure the effects of chronic disease in patients to better understand how disease affects daily life
o Used to measure effects of disorders, short/long-term disabilities, and diseases in diff pop
o Can identify subgroups w/ poor physical/mental health and help guide policies or other interventions to improve health
National Center for Health Studies conducts
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) + NHANES
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)
- Used > 50 ys
* Telephone interview in which respondents are asked questions about their health/health behavior
NHANES
• Data collected using a mobile examination center
• Data collected on a representative group of Americans through direct physical exams, clinical/lab testing, and related procedures
• Most authoritative source of standardized clinical, physical, and physiological data on U.S. pop
o Prevalence of specific disease/conditions, data on bp, blood cholesterol, bmi, nutritional status and deficiencies, and exposure to environmental toxins
National Health Care Surveys
- Provide info about the orgs and providers that deliver health care, the services rendered, and the patients they serve
- Used to study resource use (staffing, care quality, clinical management of specific conditions, disparities in use, diffusion of certain healthcare technologies, effects of policy changes
BRFSS
- Data collected by individual states, territories, and DC through cooperative agreements w/ CDC
- Use telephone survey techniques to ask a probability sample from civilian, noninstitulionalized adult pop (>18yo)
- Data about health behaviors that can be compared across states
- Can monitor health in a specific state
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)
monitors priority health-risk behaviors that contribute to leading causes of death, disability, and social problems among youth and adults in the U.S.
• (1) Tobacco use, (2) unhealthy dietary behaviors (3) physical inactivity (4) alcohol/drug use (5) sexual behaviors that contribute to HIV and STDs (6) behaviors that contribute to unintentional injuries and violence
