C3.P3

Question 1

Summarize the four steps involved in sensing vision

Answer 1

First, the eye must gather light. Second, the eye bends the light to the retina. Third, photoreceptors transduce the light energy and communicate with bipolar sensory neurons who will transmit it into a neural signal . Fourth, the brain will process the information

Question 2

Do we see the light an object holds or reflects?

Answer 2

The light the object is reflecting

Question 3

What are the two sides of the electromagnetic spectrum?

Answer 3

Gamma rays to long radio waves

Question 4

What is the visible light spectrum?

Answer 4

The relatively narrow range of colored light we are able to sense and perceive (ROYGBIV)

Question 5

What are the two ways humans differentiate light color and brightness?

Answer 5

Wavelength and amplitude

Question 6

What is wavelength?

Answer 6

It is used to determine color. The shorter the wavelength the closer to violet, the longer the wavelength the closer to red

Question 7

What is amplitude?

Answer 7

Determines the light’s intensity/brightness. It measures the height of the wave

Question 8

Who introduced the trichromatic theory?

Answer 8

Hermann von Helmoltz

Question 9

What is the trichromatic theory?

Answer 9

The eye has three types of receptors, one sensitive to blue, one to red, and one to green, which can work together to help us experience color

Question 10

What is a disadvantage to the trichromatic theory?

Answer 10

It cannot explain afterimages

Question 11

Who introduced the opponent-process theory?

Answer 11

Ewald Hering

Question 12

What is the opponent-process theory?

Answer 12

There are three channels for processing color information from cones in the retina and thalamus. A color can activate and deactivate others, creating a spectrum

Question 13

What happens when someone is missing one or more types of cones?

Answer 13

They are color blind

Question 14

What is the most common type of color blindness?

Answer 14

Dysfunction in the reddish green channel

Question 15

What causes red-green blindness?

Answer 15

It is carried by a gene in the X chromosome

Question 16

Who is more likely to have red green blindness?

Answer 16

Males

Question 17

What starts formed perceptions?

Answer 17

The primary visual cortex constructs perceptions using bottom up and top down processing

Question 18

Who studied feature detectors with frogs?

Answer 18

Jerome Letvin

Question 19

Frog

Answer 19

Frog :)

Question 20

Are there feature detectors in the human retina?

Answer 20

No

Question 21

Who identified that there are feature detectors in the brain?

Answer 21

Hubel and Wiesel

Question 22

What are feature detectors?

Answer 22

Several neurons connecting forming feature detector neural networks that fire selectively in response to specific shapes, angles, edges, movement, and gradient patterns

Question 23

What are supercell clusters?

Answer 23

Integrates data from multiple feature detectors and learn to fire in response to certain patterns

Question 24

What is the dorsal path?

Answer 24

Moves sensory information from the PVC to association areas in the parietal lobe where its processed. This locates spatial objects

Question 25

What is the ventral path?

Answer 25

From PVC to lower portions on the temporal lobe, association areas are linking the incoming sensory information with memory. Determines what things are

Question 26

Do supercells work in a top-down or bottom up fashion?

Answer 26

Top-down