C3 - Structure and bonding 1️⃣✅ Flashcards
What bonding occurs between a metal and non-metal?
Ionic bonds
What bonding occurs between a non-metal and a non-metal?
Covalent bonds
What bonding occurs between a metal and a metal?
Metalic bonds
What is ammonia?
A compound containing the elements nitrogen and hydrogen NH3
What is ionic bonding?
Ionic bonding is when a non-metal and a metal react together, one element looses electrons in order to make the other elements outer shell full
What is covalent bonding?
Covalent bonding is when a non-metal and a non-metal share electrons to complete each others outer shell
What is metallic bonding?
Metallic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between the positive metal ions and the free moving delocalised electrons
What are the 2 allotropes of carbon?
Diamond and graphite
Why is melting a ionic substance so difficult?
Because ionic substances have a regular repeating and strong structure with many bonds, in order to melt the substance, you would have to break all the bonds. Therefore the melting point is very high as breaking all of the bonds takes a very long time
What is the structure of ionic substances?
Giant ionic lattice (regular, repeating pattern, like covalent ionic bonds are strong)
How do you calculate mr?
You do the elements mass number x its occurrence for however many elements there are and then add them together
What is a single bond?
When each atom shares one pair of electrons
What is a double bond?
When each atom shares two pairs of electrons
What ions do group 1 form?
1+
What ions do group 2 form?
2+
What ions do group 3 form?
3+
What ions do group 4 form?
They do no t form ions
What ions do group 5 form?
3-
What ions do group 6 from?
2-
What ions do group 7 form?
1-
What ions do group 0 form?
They do not form ions as they already have full outer shells so there are no free spaces for a bond
When you melt a substance are what are you actually melting?
You arent melting the strong bonds as they are way too strong, you are actually melting the weak intermolecular forces that hold together the strong bonds. The bigger the molecule the bigger/ stronger the intermolecular forces are, therefore, the higher the melting point
What are the properties of diamond?
- Each carbon covalently bonded to 4 other carbons therefore no free delocalised electrons
- lots of strong bonds
- melting point of 4000℃
- doesn’t conduct electricity because no spare delocalised electrons
- hard & sparkly
What are the properties of graphite?
- Each carbon covalently bonded to 3 other carbons therefore one (delocalised) electron left
- delocalised electrons hold layers together so not bonded
- melting point of 3600℃
- conducts electricity because of free delocalised electrons
- brittle and breaks easily
- slippery & layers can slide
What is graphine?
one layer of graphtie
Explain why graphite is soft?
Layers are not bonded so can slide over eachother
What is an ion?
An atom that has lost or gained electrons
Which kinds of elements form ionic bonds?
metals and non-metals
Which kinds of elements form ionic bonds?
non-metals and metals
Explain why graphite is soft
Layers have no covalent bonds so can slide over each other as they are held together by weak intermolecular forces
Why are metals good conductors?
Because delocalised electrons are free to move through the whole structure
What is an alloy?
An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal
What is a nanoparticle?
Nanoparticles are structures, 1-100 nanometres (nm) in size, that usually contain only a few hundred atoms
What do silver nanoparticles do?
Silver nanoparticles continuously release a low level of sliver ions to protect against a bacteria.
Where are silver nanoparticles most commonly used?
To clean operating theatres in hospitals, textiles, keyboards and wound dressings
What are the negatives for nanoparticles?
When used in sum creams we don’t know if they can infiltrate our body’s and possibly damaged body cells or that if they are washed into the ocean that they are damaging the environment
What is a common use for a fullerene sphere?
To deliver drugs to specific areas around the body
What was the first fullerene?
Buckminsterfullerene
What shape and what formula did the first fullerene have?
(Buckminsterfullerene) A spherical fullerene shape and has a formula of C60
