C3- Maintenance of behavioural change

Question 1

Reasons for non-adherence

Answer 1

• stress
• rational non-adherence
• learned helplessness
• lack of support

Question 2

Non- adherence

Answer 2

Failing to follow medical advice

Question 3

Stress

Answer 3

1. Stress can arise from poverty
2. Stress associated with chaotic lifestyle, people forget to take meds/ follow advice
3. Stressed clients are anxious, they may only focus on negative and ignore other important info
4. Stress can cause information to be forgotten or remembered incorrectly

Question 4

Evaluation
- strength

Answer 4

Research support:
- study showed clients experiencing high stress were non- adherent

Question 5

Evaluation
- weakness

Answer 5

Short vs Long term
- studies only show stress affects non-adherence in the short term, it is unclear if it is still effective in the long term

Question 6

Rational Non- adherence

Answer 6

• some clients decide to not follow medical advice for logical and rational reasons

Question 7

Cost Benefit Analysis

Answer 7

• client weighs up costs + benefits of taking a medication
• 3 main costs

Question 8

3 main costs

Answer 8

Side effects
- some people would rather deal with illness than severe side effects
Financial barriers
- some people are unable to afford medical care
Patient- Practioner relationship
- the level of trust the client has affects non- adherence

Question 9

Evaluation
- strength

Answer 9

Research Support:
- study showed when clients had to start paying for medication, adherence declined

Question 10

Evaluation
- weakness

Answer 10

Unjustified Assumption
- clients do not cost- benefit analysis, what they do is influenced by their stress

Question 11

Learned Helplessness

Answer 11

People who are ill learn to be helpless
- even when there are opportunities to be in control, they’re not taken

Part of being ill means repeatedly facing stressful situations, you feel you cant control

Question 12

Relating to Health

Answer 12

Whether we learn to be helpless or not depends on how we think about health + illness
- a client learns taking control makes no difference to their health so they stop trying

Question 13

Evaluation
- strength

Answer 13

Practical Application
- interventions can target learned helplessness

Question 14

Evaluation
- weakness

Answer 14

Poor research support
- people with learned helplessness still take meds because its easy

Question 15

Lack of support

Answer 15

We are less likely to adhere to medical advice when we do not have help from others
- friends + family
- health professionals

Question 16

Family + Friends

Answer 16

Lack of practical support
- without a social network, nobody to remind to take meds, take to appointments etc…

Lack of emotional support
- adherence is less likely when client lacks people who can help improve their mood

Question 17

Health Professional

Answer 17

Lack of practical support
- lack of information can cause non-adherence
Lack of emotional support
- they may perceive low emotional support which can cause non-adherence

Question 18

Evaluation
- strength

Answer 18

Research evidence
- range of evidence linking lack of support and non- adherence
- adherence is low in people living alone