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Health Psychology- Unit 3 > C2- Treatment + Management of addiction + stress > Flashcards

C2- Treatment + Management of addiction + stress Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Support

A

Support from those around us:
- family
- friends
- work colleagues
People may have small/large social networks that provide little/alot of support
- Quality > Quantity

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2
Q

3 types of social support

A

Instrumental Support
- practical help, physically doing something
- giving information

Emotional Support
- expressing warmth, concern, love, empathy
- comforts + helps them feel better

Esteem Support
- give this when someone needs a boost
- increases self-esteem + self-efficacy

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3
Q

Buffering Hypothesis

A

Argues that social support protects us against the negative effects of stress by creating psychological distance (buffer zone)
- this is a cognitive process that gives us space and a chance to think about the stressor differently

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4
Q

Direct Effect Hypothesis

A
  • argues that social support is beneficial at all times, not just during stress
  • because it keeps us in a relaxed state reducing psychological arousal of the NS
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5
Q

Evaluation
- strength

A

Research Support
- evidence for social support
- a study showed participants who received hugs were less likely to become ill
- can provide protection

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6
Q

Evaluation
- weakness

A

Backfire effects:
- social support depends on who provides it and when, information may be inaccurate or emotional support may be unhelpful
- social support is beneficial when requested

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7
Q

Skills Training

A

Skills training = learning different skills
- can be part of CBT or standalone
- it is narrow and specific
- as a client practices their skills it increases their self- efficacy, so they learn they’re capable of controlling their own behaviour (internal LoC)

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8
Q

3 types of skills training

A
  • assertiveness
  • anger management
  • social skills training
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9
Q

Assertiveness Training

A

Conflict in relationships = relapse
Disagreements = arguments = aggression
- people avoid confrontation for fear it develops into conflict
This training helps a client to cope with conflicts, minimising chance of relapse to relieve negative feelings

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10
Q

Anger Management

A
  • some addicts find it hard to control their emotions
  • arousal can be expressed as anger especially in situations that provoke anxiety
    Training can help a client express emotions more constructively. e.g (sports, counting to 10)
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11
Q

Social skills training

A
  • most clients benefit from developing social skills
  • a recovering alcoholic will encounter situations where alcohol is available or gambling is cued
    SST focuses on improving verbal and non verbal communication skills
  • tone of voice eye contact
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12
Q

Techniques used in Skills training

A

Group discussion = small groups, everyone can share experiences and situations, discuss high risk situations

Modelling + Roleplay = the therapist demonstrates a skill and then they imitate and highlight areas for improvement

Homework = tasks are set so the client practices their skills in real life

Visualisation = the client imagines a situation and walks through the steps

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13
Q

Evaluation
- strength

A

Research support
- a study showed skills training was just as effective as other training used and stopped gambling immediately

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14
Q

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

A

cognitive explanations focus on the way we think
- irrational ways of thinking lead to drugs, shopping, gambling being used to cope with stress and leads to addiction

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15
Q

CBT Elements

A

Cognitive Restructuring = the cognitive elements aims to change the irrational thinking

  • the behavioural elements aims to help a client learn to avoid high risk situations (skills training)
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16
Q

Functional analysis
= diagnostic test

A

CBT starts with the client and therapist finding out what the irrational thoughts are, beliefs and triggers
- client may keep a thought diary

Functional analysis is ongoing as it can help identify any issues the client is still having and what skills they need

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17
Q

Cognitive Restructuring

A
  • the clients distorted cognitions are confronted and challenged
  • by asking for evidence, client is forced to rethink their irrational thoughts
  • it is important the client owns their awareness and is not just told their thoughts are wrong
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18
Q

Behaviour Change

A
  • client learns new skills that will replace their main way of coping with their addiction
  • they can use skills training
19
Q

Relapse Prevention

A
  • the client learns techniques to avoid relapse
  • it is hard to avoid triggering cues + high risk situations
  • the client learns to identify rational thoughts and challenge them, removing the trigger
20
Q

Evaluation
- strength

A

Research Support:
- A Study showed CBT was just as effective as other treatments in treating addiction

21
Q

Evaluation
- weakness

A

Short + Long term effects
- study showed benefits of CBT were less effective after 1 year
- confusing as CBT helps prevent relapse

22
Q

Stress Inoculation Training
(SIT)

A

Inoculation = giving people protection against future stressors by helping them learn to cope in advance

Thinking about a stressful situation positively rather than negatively changes how we feel + respond

23
Q

3 phases of SIT

A
  1. Cognitive Preparation
  2. Skill acquisition
  3. Application + follow through

People move through the stages at their own pace and order

24
Q
  1. Cognitive Preparation
A
  • Identifying and understanding the stressors
  • client learns to see stressors as challenge rather than threat and break it down into smaller elements that are easier to cope with
  • clients responsible for their own progress
25
Q
  1. Skill Acquisition
A
  • the client learns skills they need to cope
  • the therapist has a toolbox of skills
  • self talk is most beneficial as they replace negative talk with positive
  • then practice skills in safe environment
26
Q
  1. Application + Follow Through
A
  • the client gradually transfers their skills to the real world by conducting personal experiments
  • then discuss experience and work on skill development if necessary
  • the client learns to cope with setbacks before they happen
  • client develops internal LoC
27
Q

Evaluation
- strength

A

Research Support:
- a study showed people who has SIT were less stressed than those who didn’t

Flexibility:
- SIT is tailored to clients needs in lots of different situations

28
Q

Evaluation
- weakness

A

Too complex:
- hard to find out why it’s successful
- too complicated

Demanding:
- lots of pressure, too much effort
- drop out rates are high

29
Q

Mindfulness

A

Mindfulness is a psychological approach that involves being in the present
- used to treat stress + addiction in a positive way

30
Q

Main features of mindfulness

A
  • relating thoughts, feelings, emotions
  • take in surroundings (senses)
  • promoting healthy behaviours
31
Q

Mindfulness-based stress reduction
(MBSR)
- treats stress

A
  • reduces stress by distracting, focus attention away from the source
  • mindful focus, mindful stretching, body scan
  • you are less troubled by stressful thoughts as they pass through your mind
32
Q

Mindfulness- oriented recovery enhancement
(MORE)
- treats addiction

A
  • as addictive behaviour is often automatic, MORE helps an addicted person become more aware of their behaviour
  • this mindfulness technique is more guided, a voice gives a client direction to their medication
33
Q

Evaluation
- strength

A

Research Support:
- MORE had better outcomes than other programmes
- shows mindfulness can help to manage stress + addiction

34
Q

Evaluation
- weakness

A

Exaggerated Effectiveness:
- evidence is inconclusive and not scientific
- mindfulness is not effective

35
Q

Talking Therapies
(Counselling + self-guided help)

A
  • delivered by trained practioners who work with people to bring effective change and/or enhance their wellbeing
  • guided self-help uses materials from CBT to learn techniques to manage symptoms of anxiety/ depression
36
Q

Evaluation
- strength

A
  • no medication, so cannot become dependent on it
  • treats underlying cause rather than symptoms
37
Q

Evaluation
- weakness

A
  • requires motivation, effort, belief, expense, need to be willing to open up and share
38
Q

Biofeedback

A
  • you gain control of automatic bodily processes
  • you learn to do this via feedback from a machine
39
Q

3 Phases of Biofeedback

A
  • Awareness + physiological feedback
  • Relaxation training + control
  • Transfer
40
Q
  1. Awareness + physiological feedback
A
  • you are connected to a machine which gives feedback to you
  • the therapist explains what is being shown
41
Q
  1. Relaxation training + control
A
  • use feedback to take control of responses
  • uses positive reinforcement to make progress = operant conditioning
42
Q
  1. Transfer
A
  • move from therapy room to the real world
  • may involve portable machines
43
Q

Evaluation
- strength

A

Research Support:
- a study showed a group of doctors using biofeedback had reduced stress scores

44
Q

Evaluation
- weakness

A

Inconsistent Outcomes
- hasn’t been proved to reduce physiological signs of stress significantly

Health Psychology- Unit 3 (9 decks)

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