A2- Physiological approaches Flashcards

1
Q

Biological influences

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • roles of neurotransmitter imbalances
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2
Q

Gene

A

a unit of inheritance, DNA

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3
Q

Genetic predisposition

A

an increased likelihood of developing a disease

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4
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

a chemical messenger that balances signals between neurons
- they’re needed at correct levels for normal body function

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5
Q

Imbalanced neurotransmitters

A

too little/too many neurotransmitters causes physical + psychological problems.

Caused by:
- genetics
- environment
- drugs
- diet

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6
Q

Evaluation
- Strength

A
  • implications for healthcare, diseases caused by genetics can be tested for.
  • objective approach, no judgements about someone’s behaviour as it is supported by scientific research, valid
    -practical implications
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7
Q

Evaluation
- Weakness

A
  • ignores other potential influences such as environmental factors
  • Deterministic, uses biology as an excuse for behaviour, claims we do not have free will to change
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8
Q

Behaviourist Approach

A

Classical conditioning = cues
Operant conditioning = positive + negative reinforcement, incentivising behaviour

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9
Q

Cue

A

a trigger that prompts behaviour

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10
Q

Internal + External

A

Internal - a physical state that prompts remembering something from the last time experiencing this state

External - an environmental stimulus that prompts you to do something else

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11
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

when behaviour is followed by a pleasant consequence, more likely to happen again

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12
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

when behaviour is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimuli

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13
Q

Incentivising behaviour

A

giving incentives (rewards) to cause positive behaviour to continue

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14
Q

Token Economy

A

Rewarding desired behaviour immediately with tokens, that can be later exchanged for a better larger prize.

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15
Q

Evaluation
- strength

A
  • effective treatments have been developed
  • aversion therapy
  • helps addiction
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16
Q

Evaluation
- weaknesses

A
  • Deterministic, suggests we do not have free will to change, ignores cognition
  • cant explain why only some people get addiction
17
Q

Social Learning Approach

A
  • Role models/ SLT
  • Effects of parental + peer role models on behaviour
  • Role models in health education
18
Q

Social learning Theory

A

we learn behaviour from the environment and observing those around, considering the consequences if we imitate

19
Q

Role models

A

someone we imitate
- more likely to see someone as a role model if we identify with them
e.g. age, gender, celebrities

20
Q

Effects of parental/peer role models on our behaviour

A
  • if your parents smoke, you are far more likely to become a smoker yourself
  • if we see a friend has been going to the gym and has lost weight, it encourages us to go too
21
Q

Role models in health education

A
  • health education influences a persons knowledge/behaviour connected to health in a positive way
  • celebrity role models are often used as their high status makes us more likely to imitate
22
Q

Evaluation
- strength

A
  • real life applications in helping governments to improve peoples lives
  • emphasizes importance of cognitive factors in learning, copying others is not automatic but a more complex thought process
23
Q

Evaluation
- weakness

A
  • it doesn’t explain why some people don’t copy their parents, it is more likely there are other factors involved (biological)
24
Q

Cognitive Approach

A
  • relief from boredom, stress, anxiety
  • mitigating other health problems
  • cognitive dissonance
  • cognitive bias
25
Relief from boredom, stress + anxiety
- we take part in risky behaviour to relieve feelings of stress, anxiety, boredom Short-term coping strategies can create long-term health issues.
26
Mitigating other health problems
we engage in certain behaviours to reduce (mitigate) impact of other health issues - being physically active - eating a health diet with fruit + veg - taking prescribed medication all associated with health and recovery from illness
27
Cognitive Dissonance
refers to a situation involving conflicting beliefs or behaviours it produces a mental discomfort leading to a change in one of the behaviours/beliefs to restore balance and reduce discomfort
28
Example of Cognitive dissonance
Unhealth behaviour = dissonance - when people smoke (behaviour) and they know it causes cancer (cognition) they are in a state of dissonance
29
Cognitive Dissonance Theory - Festinger
He believes we have an inner drive to hold our behaviour in harmony and avoid disharmony
30
Resolving Cognitive dissonance
A = changing attitudes to match behaviour (or opposite) B = Adding new info to outweigh C = Reduce importance of belief
31
Cognitive Biases
Professional bias in diagnosis + treatment Gender bias Conformity bias Conformation bias Fundamental Attribution Bias
32
Professional bias
health professionals are subject to bias, this can impact treatment and diagnosis
33
Gender Bias
prejudice based on gender
34
Conformity bias
changing our behaviour to fit in with others
35
Conformation bias
favour confirmatory information and ignore contradicting information
36
Fundamental attribution bias
over emphasising personal characteristic and downplaying the role of the situation
37
Evaluation - strength
- practical application, can lead to positive health decisions, change behaviour and reduce bias
38
Evaluation - weakness
- ignores environmental factors - ignores biological approach = genetic makeup determines outcomes not cognition - racial and ethnic minorities receive worse healthcare