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Health Psychology- Unit 3 > A3- Theories > Flashcards

A3- Theories Flashcards

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1
Q

The Theories

A
  • Health Belief model
  • Locus of control
  • Theory of planned behaviour
  • Self-efficacy theory
  • Transtheoretical model
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2
Q

The Health Belief Model
(HBM)

A

The HBM tries to explain why people do or do not engage in healthy behaviour through:
- perceived seriousness
- perceived susceptibility
- cost benefit analysis

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3
Q

Perceived seriousness

A

whether a person changes their behaviour or not depends on how severe they think the consequences will be if they do not change

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4
Q

Perceived susceptibility

A

If you believe you’re not likely to get a disease, you wont change your behaviour to prevent this

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5
Q

Cost-Benefit analysis

A

Cost = Obstacles/ barriers
Benefit = perceived health benefits

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6
Q

Perceived benefits

A

in order for the person to act they have to believe the action will benefit them

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7
Q

Perceived barriers

A

the obstacles we believe are preventing is from doing the action

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8
Q

Modifying Behaviours

A
  • Demographic variables
  • Cues to action
  • Self-efficacy
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9
Q

Demographic variables

A

The HBM is influenced by:
- age, gender, culture etc.

This explains why 2 people who experience the same health problems differ in their perception
- one may change their behaviour
- one may not

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10
Q

Cues to action

A

Information presented to an individual may predispose them to ‘readiness to act’ and affect their perception

Cues can be internal (symptoms/pain) or external (campaigns/awareness)
These cues are crucial in shifting the person from thinking about changing to actually changing

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11
Q

Evaluation
- strength

A

Strong Credibility
- The HBM was developed by health researchers
- is based on real life experiences
- this makes HBM a credible explanation that is accepted by people who use it

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12
Q

Evaluation
- weakness

A

How rational?
- how often do we weigh up the costs + benefits, we do things out of habit and emotion instead of thinking rationally
- this suggests there are other psychological factors that are more important in changing behaviour than the HBM

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13
Q

Locus of control
(LoC)

A

Internal LoC = explain behaviour (success/failure etc) in terms of their own efforts

External LoC = explains behaviour as a result of luck, believe things are not in their control

LoC is a continuum (spectrum)

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14
Q

Attributions + Health behaviour
↓ ↑

A

Attribution = the process of explaining behaviour with internal + external causes

Internal LoC = Addiction chance ↓, Health ↑
External LoC = Addiction chance ↑, Health ↓

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15
Q

Evaluation
- strength

A

Practical application
- link between internals and health is useful
- an internal LoC in childhood offers protection against poor health in adulthood
- interventions aimed at developing internal LoC can help gain health benefits.

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16
Q

Evaluation
- weakness

A

Limited role of LoC
- role of LoC in resisting influence may be exaggerated
- it has little effect on our behaviour in familiar situations where previous experience is more important
- someone influenced in the past is likely to be influenced again

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17
Q

Intention

A

Intention = willingness
behaviour can be predicted from our intentions to behave

If you have intentions to do something, you’re likely to do it

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18
Q

Theory of Planned behaviour
(TPB)

A

tries to explain how people exercise control over their behaviour

19
Q

3 key sources to form intention

A
  • personal attitudes
  • subjective norms
  • perceived behavioural control (PBC)
20
Q

Personal attitudes

A

refers to an individuals favourable and unfavourable beliefs about their behaviour
- their overall attitude is formed from the balance of positive and negative judgements of their own behaviour.

e.g.
‘I overeat because I enjoy food’ vs
‘overeating makes me anxious’

21
Q

Subjective norms

A

the individuals beliefs about whether the people who matter most to them approve or disapprove of their behaviour

e.g.
if your family will disapprove, =
you’re less likely to intend to do =
less likely to

22
Q

Perceived behavioural control
(PBC)

A

concerns how much control we believe we have over behaviour

PBC can influence behaviours/intentions:

Indirectly = the more control I believe I have, strong intentions
Directly = the more control I believe I have the longer + harder I will try

23
Q

Perceived behavioural control
(PBC) Example

A

‘does an obese person believe losing weight is hard’
- this depends on their perception of available resources

24
Q

Evaluation
- strength

A

Research Support
- support for some of its predictions
- the research predicted based on peoples intentions if they were going to drink the recommended limit or not
- outcomes were all as the theory predicted

25
Q

Evaluation
- weakness

A

Not a full explanation
- TPB cannot account for the intention - behaviour gap
- they couldn’t predict reduction of gambling intentions to give up
- TPB cannot predict behaviour change

26
Q

Self - efficacy

A

a persons belief in their own competence
If a person has a low sense of self- efficacy in that they’re unable to change their behaviour it will affect the likelihood they engage in this health behaviour

27
Q

Self- efficacy theory

A

People with high S-E, believe they will be successful, and increase their effort to ensure success

People with low S-E believe they will fail and avoid such challenges

28
Q

How self- efficacy is affected/influenced

A
  • mastery experiences
  • vicarious reinforcement
  • social persuasion
  • emotional state
29
Q

Mastery experiences

A

practicing a task over and over until you’re very skilled.

Self efficacy by mastery ↑ =
we know we are capable of the task

If we fail at a task =
self - efficacy by mastery ↓

30
Q

Vicarious Reinforcement

A

Self-efficacy is affected by observing another person (model) performing a task

If you observe a models success =
self-efficacy ↑
If you observe a models failure =
self- efficacy ↓

the model is influential if you identify as similar with them

31
Q

Social persuasion

A

encouragement/discouragement from others have impacts on our self-efficacy
- the effects of social persuasion depend on the perceived credibility of the persuader

32
Q

Emotional states

A

emotional states influence self-efficacy

  • stress, anxiety, fear all decrease self- efficacy
  • if you expect to fail, your S-E is reduced and causes you to fail
33
Q

Evaluation
- strength

A

Support from research
- experiment showed self-efficacy affects behaviour change, it is a reliable predictor of short and long term health related behaviour change

34
Q

Evaluation
- weakness

A

Measurement issues
- cross over and confusion with self-esteem
- self-efficacy is hard to measure
- meaning supposed evidence may not be valid

35
Q

Transtheoretical Model
(TTM)

A

tries to explain behavioural change to overcome addiction
- 4 assumptions
- 5 stages

36
Q

4 Assumptions

A
  • people change their addictive behaviour through a series of stages
  • change doesn’t happen quickly or linear its a cyclical process
  • people differ in how ready they are to change
  • effectiveness of interventions change throughout stages
36
Q

Precontemplation

A

People are not thinking about changing
- denial
- demotivation

Intervention, should focus on helping client consider the need for change

37
Q

5 Stages

A

1) Precontemplation
2) Contemplation
3) Preparation
4) Action
5) Maintenance

38
Q

Contemplation

A
  • considering change in next 6 months
  • more aware of cost/need of change
  • creates discomfort (cognitive dissonance)

Intervention, is useful to emphasise the benefits of change

39
Q

Preparation

A
  • believe benefits of change outweigh costs
  • they decide to change within a month
  • unsure how + when to change

Intervention, support in constructing a plan or presenting options

40
Q

Maintenance

A
  • maintained a change for more than 6 months
  • more confident the change can continue because it becomes a way of life

Intervention, focuses on relapse prevention by applying learned coping skills

40
Q

Action

A
  • have done something to change in last 6 months
  • therapy, getting rid of substance etc
  • the action must substantially reduce risk

Intervention, develop coping skills the client will need to maintain this behaviour in the future

41
Q

Evaluation
- strength

A

Practical application
- has positive views of relapse, saying it is inevitable
- suggests intervention to help
- more accepted as it is realistic

42
Q

Evaluation
- weakness

A

Arbitrary stages
- little research for stages, hard to distinguish cut off points
- interventions are so different
- little usefulness

Health Psychology- Unit 3 (9 decks)

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