C2.2 Bonding Flashcards
Properties of Metals:
Shiny Usually high MP and BP Soild at rt malleable ductile Good conductors of heat and electricity
Properties of Non-Metals
Dull Usually low MP and BP 1/2 liquid 1/2 gas at rt Brittle non-ductile insulators of heat and electricity
What ions do metals form?
Positive ions - lose electrons
What ions do Non-metals form?
Negative ions - gain electrons
Do metals react with each other?
No
Do Non-metals react with each other?
Yes - react to produce compounds which consist of molecules
Reaction with oxygen:
Metal Oxides produce alkaline solutions
Non-Metal oxides produce acidic solutions
Arrangement of the periodic table
Periods = horizontal rows Group = vertical columns - elements in a group have similar chemical properties
what does the electronic structure show?
How the electrons are arranged
Outermost shell = outer shell / valence shell
Different shells can hold different numbers of electrons
what does the last number of the electronic structure show?
The non-IUPAC group - group 0 have full valence shells
What does the number of numbers in the Electronic structure show?
Period number
What does the sum of the numbers show?
Atomic mass
What are ions?
Electrically charged particles formed when an atom or a group of atoms loses or gains electrons
How to model the formation of ions in an ionic compound?
Dot and cross diagrams
Describe the structure of a giant ionic lattice
Layers of Positive and negative ions held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction to form a lattice / regular structure
How to model Giant Ionic Lattices
Ball and stick Model
Each ball represents an ion
Each stick represents an ionic bond
What is a covalent bond?
A shared pair of electrons between two non-metal atoms and are formed when atoms get close enough to share electrons in their outer shells .
What are simple molecules?
A molecule that only contains a few atoms
What is a molecule?
Non-Metal atoms joined by covalent bonds
Describe the particle structure of a molecular substance in solid form
Layers of molecules held together by weak intermolecular forces to form a regular structure
Describe the structure of diamond
Layers of carbon atoms held together by strong covalent bonds to form a lattice/regular structure
What does a giant covalent structure consist of?
Many NM atoms joined together by covalent bonds and arranged in a repeating pattern called a giant covalent lattice
chemical formulae for GCS
empirical formula - simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element
EG Diamond = C
What is a polymer
A chain of monomers
How to model monomers?
Dot and Cross diagram, Space filling model and Dot and cross
what is a monomer?
simple molecules that consist of a few NM atoms joined together by covalent bonds
What are metallic Bonds?
Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between delocalised electrons and the closely packed, pos charged metal ions.
Describe the structure of a metal
Layers of Positive metal ions held together by metal bonds with delocalised electrons flowing between them, to form a lattice/regular structure
What are delocalised electrons?
a ‘sea’ of electrons around the pos charged metal ions. these electrons are free to move throughout the structure of the metal
Localised vs Delocalised
Localised = restricted to a particular place Delocalised = free to move from its usual place
What did Mendeleev do?
arranged all the elements known at the time in order of increasing atomic weight
Grouped together the once with similar chemical properties (but swapped tellurium and iodine)
Left spaces for elements he thought were yet to be discovered
What did Mendeleevs first periodic table show?
Groups as rows not columns. By 1871 he rotated the table so groups were in columns
Why is the modern periodic table ordered in atomic number
1) Mendeleev didnt know about atomic structure
2) he died before proton was discovered
3) 1913 - Henry Mosely discovered the atomic number
- There were 7 gaps in 1913 showing Mendeleev was correct
Who discovered argon?
Lord Rayleigh and William Ramsay om 1894 - Nobody had predicted argons existence
Who discovered helium?
Ramsay - 1895
What was discovered by Ramsay in 1898?
Neon, Krypton, xeon
Patterns of chemical properties
1) elements are arranged in order of inc atomic numb
2) atomic number is number of protons in an atom
3) numb of electrons in an atom = Numb of protons
4) Electronic structure determined on Numb of electron
5) electronic structure determines chemical properties
