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Chemistry > C2.1 > Flashcards

C2.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Gases, liquids and solids with low melting points consist of what?

A

Simple molecules

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2
Q

Why do simple molecular substances have low melting and boiling points?

A

Because the intermolecular forces between molecules are weak

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3
Q

Why do giant covalent structures have high melting and boiling points?

A

Because there are strong covalent bonds between the atoms

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4
Q

Why is diamond hard?

A

Because of the large number of strong covalent bonds

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5
Q

What is the difference between the structure of diamond and graphite?

A

Diamond ~ Each carbon atom forms four covalent bonds with other carbon atoms
Graphite ~ Each carbon atom forms three covalent bonds with other carbon atoms

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6
Q

Why is graphite soft?

A

~ Because there are weak intermolecular forces between layers
~ so the layers can slide over each other

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7
Q

What is a giant ionic structure?

A

A regular structure held together by strong forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions

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8
Q

Why do giant ionic structures have high melting and boiling points?

A

Because large amounts of energy are required to break the strong electrostatic bonds

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9
Q

Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or in solution?

A

Because the charged ions are free to move about

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10
Q

What are nanoparticles?

A

Tiny particles that can combine to form structures called nanostructures

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11
Q

What are nanoparticles sensitive to?

A

~ Light
~ Heat
~ Magnesium

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12
Q

Nanoparticles possess a high surface area in relation to what?

A

Their volume

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13
Q

How are nanocomposites made?

A

By other materials being added to plastics

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14
Q

How are alloys made?

A

By combining two or more different metals

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15
Q

Why are alloys harder than pure metals?

A

~ Because they contain different sized atoms

~ This makes it difficult for layers to slide over each other

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16
Q

Graphite is the only non-metal element to do what?

A

Conduct electricity

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17
Q

What are fullerenes?

A

Hexagonal rings consisting of different numbers of carbon atoms joined by covalent bonds

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18
Q

What are fullerenes made up of?

A

Simple molecules

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19
Q

What are some uses of fullerenes?

A

~ Buckminster fullerenes can be used to deliver drugs into the body, or lubricants, or catalysts
~ Nanotubes can be used for reinforcing materials eg tennis racquets

20
Q

What are smart materials?

A

A type of nanostructure designed to have specific properties

21
Q

What are some examples of smart materials?

A

~ Lycra
~ Kevlar
~ Gore-Tex

22
Q

What is Lycra?

A

~ Stretchy material used in sport clothing

~ Doesn’t get damaged by sweat and detergents

23
Q

What is Kevlar?

A

~ Used to make body armour
~ Closely packed molecules and bonds form between adjacent molecules
~ Flexible and strong

24
Q

What is Gore-tex?

A

~ Keeps rain out but lets sweat pass through
~ Waterproof
~ Used for outdoor and sports clothing

25
Q

How big are nanoparticles?

A

1-100 nanometers

26
Q

Nanoparticles have a very large what?

A

Surface area to volume ratio

27
Q

What can nanoparticles be used for?

A

~ Catalysts
~ Cosmetics (sun cream, deodrant)
~ Medicine (drug delivery, antiviral and antifungal uses)
~ Construction to make items stronger and lighter
~ Computers
~ Coating (self cleaning windows)

28
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

Transferring or sharing electrons in the outermost shell

29
Q

What is group 0 in the periodic table?

A

~ Noble gases
~ Full outer shell
~ Unreactive

30
Q

What is group 1 in the periodic table?

A

~ Alkali metals

~ Produce ions with a charge of +1

31
Q

What is group 7 in the periodic table?

A

~ The halogens

~ Produce ions called halides with a charge of -1

32
Q

In ionic bonding, when an atom gets a full outer shell it is said to have reached what?

A

A noble gas configuration

33
Q

What makes up the atomic mass?

A

Protons + neutrons

34
Q

What does the nucleus of an atom contain?

A

The protons and neutrons

35
Q

What do protons have a charge and mass of?

A 
Charge = +1
Mass = 1
36
Q

What do neutrons have a charge and mass of?

A 
Charge = no charge 
Mass = 1
37
Q

What do electrons have a charge and mass of?

A 
Charge = -1
Mass = negligible
38
Q

What is equal in a stable atom?

A

The number of protons and electrons because they balance each other out

39
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Two atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

40
Q

What type of bonding occurs in simple molecules?

A

Covalent bonding

41
Q

What group of elements do ions have the same electronic structure as?

A

Noble gases, group 0

42
Q

What bond do two non metals form?

A

Covalent bond

43
Q

What bond does a metal and a non metal form?

A

Ionic bond

44
Q

What are metallic bonds?

A

The attraction between delocalised electrons and positive metal ions

45
Q

Why do ionic compounds have no overall charge?

A

Because there are the same number of positively charged ions and negatively charged ions

Chemistry (20 decks)

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