c16 & c17 genes to proteins (translation) Flashcards
gene expression
is the entire set of processes that results in using the information stored in a gene.
Molecules or events that increase gene expression are said to exert positive control. Molecules and events that decrease gene expression are said to exert negative control.
- Whether or not an RNA gets made from the information encoded in structural sequences. It depends on the events that occur at regulatory sequences
regulatory proteins
promoters, transcription factors
promoters
promote the gene expression
transcription factors
regulate gene expression, usually by binding directly to regulatory sequences in DNA
activators
- Activators are transcription factors that help exert positive control
Bind to enhancers
repressors
- Repressors are transcription factors that help exert negative control
Bind to silencers
enhancers
- Enhancers are regulatory sites in DNA that are involved in positive control
silencers
- Silencers are regulatory sites in DNA that are involved in negative control
operon
A sequence of structural gene sequences whose products have related functions and that are under the control of the same promoter and other regulatory sequences, meaning that they are transcribed as a unit.
exons
expressed, they code for the amino acids found in a protein product/
introns
intervene between exons. transcribed but later removed from the mRNA prior to translation
positive control (over gene expression)
mechanisms that increase the amount of active gene product available
negative control (over gene expression)
mechanisms that decrease the amount of active gene product available
transcription factors
proteins that regulate transcription, often by binding to regulatory sequences in DNA
chromatin
the complex of DNA and histone proteins that has DNA wrapped around it
nucleosome
a group of four histone proteins that has DNA wrapped around it
histone proteins
proteins that have an abundance of positively charged lysines and arginines in their primary structure, which interact with negative charges on the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA to form nucleosomes.
anticodon
a sequence of three bases found at one end of a tRNA that binds to a codon in mRNA during translation via complementary base pairing
release factor
a protein that fits into the A site of a ribosome, binds to a stop codon, and interacts with the ribosome to terminate translation
reading frame
the sets of three-base codons in RNA or DNA that specify the primary sequence of codons
ribozyme
an RNA molecule that catalyzes a chemical reaction, analogous to enzymes, which are protein catalysts
genetic code
the set of relationships between the 64 possible codons in mRNA and the amino acids that are added to a newly synthesized proteni
codon
a group of three bases in an mRNA that codes for an amino acids
start codon
the codon that signals where translation and thus protein synthesis begins. usually AUG and also codes for the amino acid methionine (Met).
stop codon
that signals where translation and thus protein synthesis ends. usually UAA, UAG, and UGA
endomembrane system
a collection of machines, cytoskeletal componenets and organelles that together produce, process, and transport proteins and lipids destined for organelles, the cell membrane, or outside th ecell
signal sequence
a series of amino acids at the start of a protein that allows that protein to enter the endomembrane system
motor protein
a protein that fucntion in cell movement through shape changes caused by phosphorylation or dephosphorylation
phosphorylation
the addition of a phosphate group (PO4^3) to a protein or other molecule. in most cases, the phosphate group comes from ATP. Dephosphorylation is the reverse process
