C13 Proteins

Question 1

amino acids

Answer 1

the building blocks that connect together via covalent bonds to form proteins

Question 2

amino group

Answer 2

a group of NH2 atoms; can pick up a proton to form NH3+

Question 3

carboxyl group

Answer 3

a group of COOH atoms; can lose a proton to form COO-

Question 4

R-group

Answer 4

a highly variable group of atoms bonded to the central carbon of an amino acid

Question 5

hydrophilic

Answer 5

can readily interact with the partial charges on water

Question 6

hydrophobic

Answer 6

cannot readily interact with the partial charges on water

Question 7

peptide bond

Answer 7

the covalent bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another

Question 8

protein primary structure

Answer 8

the sequence of amino acids, linked via peptide bonds

Question 9

protein secondary structure

Answer 9

formation of a-helices and B-pleated sheets, stabilized by hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms

Question 10

protein tertiary structure

Answer 10

folding into a 3-D shape stabilized by hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, S-S bridges, and hydrophobic interactions

Question 11

ionic bond

Answer 11

an interaction that occurs when a positively charged ion is attracted to a negatively charged ion

Question 12

hydrophobic interactions

Answer 12

interactions that stabilize hydrophobic regions of molecules by minimizing their contact with water

Question 13

protein quaternary structure

Answer 13

assembly of multipart proteins from folded subunits, stabilized by hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, S-S bridges, and hydrophobic interactions

Question 14

Denaturing

Answer 14

“folding” or loss of 3-dimensional shape (secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure), often via heating or changes in pH.

Question 15

Catabolic enzyme

Answer 15

breaks bonds
doesn’t just randomly happen

Question 16

anabolic enzyme

Answer 16

creates bonds

Question 17

Monomer: amino acids

Answer 17

the monomers that make up proteins

Question 18

how are amino acids built?

Answer 18

central carbons atom, amino group, carboxyl, hydrogen, side chain (r-group)

Question 19

sides chains come from

Answer 19

functional groups

Question 20

peptide formation

Answer 20

amino acid monomers are linked via dehydration synthesis reaction, forming peptide bonds

Question 21

difference between polypeptides and proteins

Answer 21

polypeptide - a chain of amino acids joined together in peptide bonds
Protein - a polypeptide or multiple polypeptides

Question 22

primary protein structure

Answer 22

the unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

Question 23

secondary protein structure

Answer 23

hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern (a-helices, and B-pleated sheets)

Question 24

how are a-helixes formed?

Answer 24

by H-bond between oxygen in carbonyl group and an amino acid four positions down the chain

Question 25

how are B-pleated sheets formed?

Answer 25

H-bonding between atoms on the backbone of the polypeptide chain

Question 26

tertiary protein structure

Answer 26

three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions

Question 27

cysteine side chains form _______ _______

Answer 27

disulfide bridges

Question 28

quaternary protein structure

Answer 28

protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain

Question 29

denaturation

Answer 29

changes the structure, but NOT the amino acids of the entire protein