C15 nucleic acids and transcription

Question 1

Nucleic acid - monomer, name of bond, functional group(s), location(s) in/on cell, function(s), structure

Answer 1

monomer - nucleotide
name of bond - phosphodiester
function groups - amino, phosphate (5’ end), hydroxyl (3’ end)
locations in cell - nucleoid (prokaryotes), nucleus (eukaryotes)
functions - to make proteins
structure - pentose sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogenous base (G, C, U, A, T)

Question 2

what kind of bond holds nucleotides together?

Answer 2

phosphodiester
- hydration and dehydration synthesis

Question 3

transcription

Answer 3

• Launches the production of RNAs and proteins that function in the cell
  
  • RNA polymerase (enzyme) works with other proteins to make an RNA version of the information encoded in a gene, it creates phosphiester linkages between ribonucleotides that are complementary to the bases in a DNA template.
  • Is a polymerization reaction
    Spontaneous because sustrated involved are ribonucleotide triphosphates which have high potential energy

Question 4

template strand

Answer 4

the dna strand used to make the rna (the one being read)

Question 5

non-template (coding) strand

Answer 5

the complementary strand (not transcribed)

Question 6

Promoter:

Answer 6

the site where RNA polymerase makes initial contact with DNA to start transcription

Question 6

transcription, elongation, and termination

Answer 6

• Once transcription is going, initiation proteins go away
  
  • RNA polymerase move along the helix and synthesize an RNA polymer
  • They synthesize the formation of a phosphodiester bond
  • This adds another nucleotide to the RNA strand.
    Termination: special sequence at the end that is read to terminate transcription

Question 6

initiating transcription

Answer 6

• Promoter: the site where RNA polymerase makes initial contact with DNA to start transcription
  ○ Proteins also help - they’re responsible for getting RNA polymerase to the promoter sequence and opening the DNA strand so transcription can begin
  § In bacteria - a single protein assists
  § In eukaryotes - complex of 5 proteins assist
  
  • The proteins bind to DNA at the promoter and open it.
    RNA polymerase is an enzyme specialized to catalyze formation of phosphodiester bonds that create a new RNA molecule and accomplish transcription.

Question 7

rna polymerase

Answer 7

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of phophodiester linkages between ribonucleotides, forming an rna product that is complementary to the sequence of bases in a DNA template.

Question 8

template strand

Answer 8

• The strand in a DNA double helix that is “read” by RNA polymerase during transcription

Question 9

non-template strand (coding strand)

Answer 9

• The strand in a DNA double helix that matches the sequence of bases in the RNA product transcription, expect that the DNA contains thymine

Question 10

promoter

Answer 10

the regulatory sequence in a gene or operon where RNA polymerase initiates transcription