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GCSE AQA Chemistry 9-1 > C15 Using Our Resources > Flashcards

C15 Using Our Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

What is rust?

A

The corrosion of iron

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2
Q

what are the conditions needed for rusting?

A

air and water

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3
Q

what is the chemical name of rust?

A

hydrated iron oxide

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4
Q

how can rust be prevented?

A
  • paint
  • oil/grease
  • plastic coating
  • less reactive metal
  • more reactive metal
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5
Q

what is sacrifical protection?

A

a method of preventing rusting where a more reactive metal than iron is attached or coated on an object

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6
Q

what does galvanised mean?

A

iron or steal objects that are protected from rusting by a thin layer of zinc metal on their surface

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7
Q

when is sacrificial protection used?

A

when the conditions are harsh such as in seawater

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8
Q

what accelerates rusting?

A

seawater

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9
Q

what is an alloy?

A

a mixture of two or more elements where at least one is a metal

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10
Q

why are alloys used?

A

it makes the metal harder
this is because differently sized particles make it harder for layers to slip over each other

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11
Q

what are some alloys of copper and what are they made from?

A
  • bronze (copper ant tin)
  • brass (copper and zinc)
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12
Q

why is gold alloyed and what is it alloyed with?

A

it is alloyed to make it harder
it is usually alloyed with copper

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13
Q

what are steels?

A

alloys of iron with carbon and other elements

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14
Q

why is pure iron not used?

A

it is too soft to be usefull

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15
Q

how can you change the properties of steel?

A

carefully controlling quantities of carbon and other elements added to the iron

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16
Q

how are carbon steels made?

A

removing most of the carbon from the iron in the blast furnace

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17
Q

what are the properties of high carbon steels?

A

very hard but brittle

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18
Q

what are the properties of low carbon steels?

A

softer and more easily shaped

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19
Q

what are the substances in stainless steel?

A

chromium
nickel
iron

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20
Q

what are the properties of stainless steels?

A

resistant to corrosion

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21
Q

how can the properties of a polymer be altered?

A
  • different monomers
  • the conditions of the reaction
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22
Q

what are the conditions to produce low density poly(ethene)?

A

high pressures
a trace of oxygen

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23
Q

what is the structure of LD poly(ethene)?

A

the polymer chains are randomly branched and cannot pack closely together

24
Q

what are the conditions to produce high density poly(ethene)?

A

catalyst
50 degrees C
slightly raised pressure

25
Q

what is the structure of HD poly(ethene)?

A

straighter chains that can pack more closely

26
Q

what are thermosoftening polymers?

A

polymers which will soften or melt easily when heated due to their weak intermoleculular forces

27
Q

what are thermosetting polymers?

A

polymers that do not melt when heated

28
Q

why do thermosetting polymers not melt?

A

they have ‘cross-links’ (covalent bonds between chains) which stop them from softening

29
Q

what is soda glass made of?

A

heating sand, limestone and sodium carbonate

30
Q

what is borosiliate glass made from?

A

sand and boron trioxide

31
Q

what are the properties of borosiliate glass?

A

it melts at a higher temperature than soda-lime glass

32
Q

what are ceramics?

A

objects made from clay such as pottery and bricks

33
Q

what compounds does clay contain?

A

metal compounds
non-metals with ionic bonding and covalent bonding

34
Q

how are clay ceramics made?

A

shaping wet clay and then heating in a furnace

35
Q

why are ceramics brittle?

A

a sharp blow can distort the layers in the structure so that ions with like charges are adjacent and repel each other which cracks the object

36
Q

what are the two materials in composite materials?

A
  • matrix (one acting as a binder)
  • other material which give structure or strength
37
Q

why are composite materials used?

A

theu improve a desirable property than neither of the original materials could offer alone

38
Q

why do plants need nitrogen?

A

they need it to grow as it is needed to make proteins

39
Q

why can plants not obtain nitrogen from the air?

A

the gas is insoluble in water and most plants can only absorb a soluble form of nitrogen

40
Q

what are the raw materials to make ammonia in the Haber process?

A
  • nitrogen from the air
  • hydrogen from natural gas
41
Q

what are the conditions of the Haber process?

A
  • 450 degrees C
  • 200 atmospheres of pressure
  • iron catalyst
42
Q

what happens to unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen in the haber process?

A

it is recycled back into the reaction vessel

43
Q

how is ammonia separated from unreacted hydrogen and nitrogen?

A

cooling the gases so that the ammonia liquifies

44
Q

why is a pressure of 200 atmospheres used in the Haber process?

A

to increase the yield of ammonia
if higher pressures are used, the plant would be too expensive to run and build

45
Q

why is a temperature of 450 degrees C used for the Haber process?

A

lower temperatures would increase the yield but it would produce too slowly?

46
Q

what is the effect of a catalyst in the Haber process?

A

it speeds up the rate of the forward and backward reaction so causes ammonia to be produced more quickly

47
Q

what is produced when ammonia is neutralised with sulfuric acid?

A

ammonium sulfate fertiliser

48
Q

what is used to make ammonium phosphate fertiliser?

A

ammonium sulfate fertiliser and phosphoric acid
or
phosphate rock is reacted with nitric acid to produce phosphoric acid
this is then neutralised with ammonia

49
Q

what are NPK fertilisers?

A

mixtures of compounds which supply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

50
Q

what are the sources of phosphorus?

A

deposits of phosphate containing rock which is dug or mined

51
Q

where does potassium come from for NPK fertilisers?

A

potassium salts potassium chloride or potassium nitrate mined from the ground

52
Q

what is the main compound of nitrogen in NPK fertilisers?

A

ammonium nitrate

53
Q

how is ammonium nitrate made?

A

ammonia is used to make nitric acid
nitric acid is reacted with more ammonia

54
Q

what is single superphosphate?

A

when phosphate rock is treated with sulfuric acid which mades a mixture of calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate

55
Q

how can you make triple superphosphate?

A

if phosphate rock is treated with phosphoric acid

GCSE AQA Chemistry 9-1 (16 decks)

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