C15 - structure and function of skeleton

Question 1

What is the axial skeleton comprised of

Answer 1

skul
vertebral column
Sternum
Ribcage

Question 2

What is the appendicular skeleton comprised of

Answer 2

the pectoral girdle
the pelvic girdle
forelimb
hindlimb

Question 3

What is a fracture

Answer 3

break in a bone

Question 4

what are the different ways that a fracture is categorised

Answer 4

Mechanism

• Traumatic fracture
• Pathologic fracture

Involvement of other tissues

• closed
• simple fracture

Open or compound

Question 5

How does a traumatic fracture occur

Answer 5

When the force on the bone is greater than its strength

Question 6

how does a pathologic fracture occur

Answer 6

a medical condition makes the bone more fragile

Question 7

What are the different types of fractures

Answer 7

Greenstick
linear
transverse
oblique
comminuted

Question 8

what is a greenstick fracture

Answer 8

The bone is bent; common in children

Question 9

what is a linear fracture

Answer 9

break parallel to the bone long axis

Question 10

what is a transverse fracture

Answer 10

a break at a right angle to the bones axis

Question 11

What is a oblique fracture

Answer 11

it is a break at an angle to the bones axis

Question 12

What is a comminuted fracture

Answer 12

the bone fragments into several pieces

Question 13

what are the two types of position that the bone fragments take

Answer 13

Non displaced / bones in normal place

Displaced / bibes are moved from their regular position

Question 14

what is the difference between a simple fracture and a compound fracture

Answer 14

the skin overlying the fracture is still intact with a simple fracture whereas with a Compound fracture is when the skin is broken and there is a high risk of infection

Question 15

What are the 3 catorgories that treatment can be put into

Answer 15

Pain management

Immobilisation

Surgery

Question 16

why is it important to control pain when you have a fracture

Answer 16

there are no pain receptors within the bones themselves

the connective tissue around the bone has many pain receptors
and so many muscle spasms occur which hold the bone fragments in place

Question 17

what is a good form of pain management when you have a fracture

Answer 17

ibuprofen is reccomended

Question 18

what type of process is bone healing?

Answer 18

a natural process

Question 19

why is a cast used to immobilise the bone during the healing process

Answer 19

a splint or cast is used to hold the bones in the correct place which allows the bone to heal in the right position

Question 20

why cant a splint be used on fingers or toes

Answer 20

they are too small so a method called buddy wrapped

Question 21

describe buddy wrapping a finger or toe

Answer 21

one finger or toe is strapped to the adjacent one so its movement is very limited

Question 22

what are the desirable properties of metals used in bone surgery

Answer 22

light
strong
not release ions
not corroded if in contact with other metals

Question 23

When is surgery used

Answer 23

when immobilisation has failed

Question 24

what is the exception to this rule

Answer 24

hip fracture

Question 25

why do you not immobilise a hip fracture

Answer 25

it is a lengthy process and can produce complications such as chest infections
pressure sores and deep vein thrombosis

Question 26

what is the most common cause of a hip fracture

Answer 26

osteoporosis

Question 27

Why is important to operate on open fractures

Answer 27

bones have very few blood vessels meaning less immune cells can be delivered to the bone so the procedure must be stringently sterile and procedures and antibiotics to further prevent infection

Question 28

What can natural healing be influenced by

Answer 28

nicotine and poor nutrition