C15 - joints Flashcards
what are the different catagories that joints can be put into
immovable - occur where bones grow together the bones then interlock and there is no movement between them
Movable joints such as
Gliding joints - allow bones to glide over each other to give movement in many directions e.g. between the vertebrae at the ankle
Hinge joints - allow movement in one place e.g. knees
Ball and socket joints - allow movement in more than one plane
what is a gliding joint
Gliding joints - allow bones to glide over each other to give movement in many directions e.g. between the vertebrae at the ankle
what is a hinge joint
Hinge joints - allow movement in one place e.g. knees``
what is a ball and socket joint
Ball and socket joints - allow movement in more than one plane e.g.hip and shoulder
what is an immovable joint
immovable - occur where bones grow together the bones then interlock and there is no movement between them
Define osteoarthritis
a degenerative condition in which articular cartilage degrade and produces painful and inflamed joints
how common is osteoarthritis
commonest joint disease
how does osteoarthritis occur
the glycoprotein and collagen in articular cartilage on ends of bones at joints are degraded
the breakdown products are released into the joint cavity and cells lining the joint remove them
they cause inflammation and so the joint swells become painful and stiffen
where is OA most common
Knees hips fingertips
What are the risk factors of OA
age common in people over 45 years
being overweight especially for knee and hip joints
the repeated reflex of a joint such as with those who dance or play sports
Treatment of OA
There is no cure for OA
there are 3 different treatments that can be used
depending on the severity of the OA
Structured excercise plan with a physiotherapist
pain control with NSAIDs e.g. asparin
Joint replacement especially for hip and knee joints
what are the advantages of joint replacement
pain relief
reduced drug use
restoration of movement
enhanced quality of life
what are the disavantages of joint replacement
risk of blood clots and infections
long recovery period
subsequent increased risk of hip dislocation
replacements only last for 15 - 20 years
1st order lever
A first order lever has the axis (fulcrum) located between the weight (resistance) and the force.
An example of a first - order lever is a pair of pliers or scissors.
First order levers in the human body are rare.
The weight is the head, the axis is the joint and muscular action come from any of the posterior muscles attaching to the skull, such as the trapezius.
2nd order lever
In a second order lever, the weight is located between the axis and the force.
The most obvious example is a wheelbarrow where a weight is placed in the bed of the wheelbarrow between the wheel and the hands of the person using the wheelbarrow.
In the human body an example of a second order lever is found in the lower leg when someone is standing on the tiptoes.
The axis is formed by the metatarsophalangeal joints, the resistance is the weight of the body, and the force is applied to the calcaneus bone by the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles through the achilles tendon.
3rd order lever
In third order the lever is the most common in the human body
Force is applied between the resistance and the axis
A shovel used to pick up an object. The axis is the end of the handle where the person grips with one hand.the other hand, placed somewhere along the shaft of the handle which applies the forces.
At the other end of the shovel a resistance is present
There are numerous third order levers in the human body
An example of this can be illustrated in the elbow joint.
The joint is the axis. The resistance is the forearm, wrist and hand. The force is the biceps muscles when the elbow is flexed
how does Rheumatoid arthritus occur
Rheumatoid arthritis occurs when your immune system attacks the synovium — the lining of the membranes that surround your joints.
what is the result of having RA
The resulting inflammation thickens the synovium, which can eventually destroy the cartilage and bone within the joint.
The tendons and ligaments that hold the joint together weaken and stretch. Gradually, the joint loses its shape and alignment.
How can RA be treated
treatment helps to reduce pain and decrease inflammation and improve a persons overall functioning
Treatment can come in the form of
physiotherapy - balencing rest and excercise
Drugs - NSAIDs are injected into the joints to reduce inflammation and pain
Joint replacement surgery
f1 x d1 =f2 x d2 to workout force if needed
f1 x d1 =f2 x d2 to workout force if needed
define synovial joint
a joint at which bones’ movement is lubricated by articular cartilages and synovial fluid secreted by a synovial membrane
describe a synovial joint
the ends of the bones are covered with articular cartilage which is hyaline cartilage making a slippery coat
the synovial cavity is a small space between the ends of the bones filled with synovial fluid which is secreted by the synovial membrane that surrounds the space
the articular cartilage and synovial fluid lubricate the joint and act as shock absorbers
synovial fluid also nourishes the chondrocytes
this is important because diffusion of nutrients from the blood vessels in the bones through the articular cartilage would be too slow to provide the chondrocytes with the nutrients they need
the synovial membrane is covered in a fivrous membrane that contains ligaments the synovial membrane and ligament makes the joint capsule which holds the joint together
Describe an antaganistic muscle
when one muscle of an antagonistic pair is contracted the other is relaxed the contraction and relaxtion are co ordinated in opposite fashion
What are tendons primarily
86% collagen laid down in densely packed parrallel fibres
