C15 - joints Flashcards
what are the different catagories that joints can be put into
immovable - occur where bones grow together the bones then interlock and there is no movement between them
Movable joints such as
Gliding joints - allow bones to glide over each other to give movement in many directions e.g. between the vertebrae at the ankle
Hinge joints - allow movement in one place e.g. knees
Ball and socket joints - allow movement in more than one plane
what is a gliding joint
Gliding joints - allow bones to glide over each other to give movement in many directions e.g. between the vertebrae at the ankle
what is a hinge joint
Hinge joints - allow movement in one place e.g. knees``
what is a ball and socket joint
Ball and socket joints - allow movement in more than one plane e.g.hip and shoulder
what is an immovable joint
immovable - occur where bones grow together the bones then interlock and there is no movement between them
Define osteoarthritis
a degenerative condition in which articular cartilage degrade and produces painful and inflamed joints
how common is osteoarthritis
commonest joint disease
how does osteoarthritis occur
the glycoprotein and collagen in articular cartilage on ends of bones at joints are degraded
the breakdown products are released into the joint cavity and cells lining the joint remove them
they cause inflammation and so the joint swells become painful and stiffen
where is OA most common
Knees hips fingertips
What are the risk factors of OA
age common in people over 45 years
being overweight especially for knee and hip joints
the repeated reflex of a joint such as with those who dance or play sports
Treatment of OA
There is no cure for OA
there are 3 different treatments that can be used
depending on the severity of the OA
Structured excercise plan with a physiotherapist
pain control with NSAIDs e.g. asparin
Joint replacement especially for hip and knee joints
what are the advantages of joint replacement
pain relief
reduced drug use
restoration of movement
enhanced quality of life
what are the disavantages of joint replacement
risk of blood clots and infections
long recovery period
subsequent increased risk of hip dislocation
replacements only last for 15 - 20 years
1st order lever
A first order lever has the axis (fulcrum) located between the weight (resistance) and the force.
An example of a first - order lever is a pair of pliers or scissors.
First order levers in the human body are rare.
The weight is the head, the axis is the joint and muscular action come from any of the posterior muscles attaching to the skull, such as the trapezius.
2nd order lever
In a second order lever, the weight is located between the axis and the force.
The most obvious example is a wheelbarrow where a weight is placed in the bed of the wheelbarrow between the wheel and the hands of the person using the wheelbarrow.
In the human body an example of a second order lever is found in the lower leg when someone is standing on the tiptoes.
The axis is formed by the metatarsophalangeal joints, the resistance is the weight of the body, and the force is applied to the calcaneus bone by the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles through the achilles tendon.
