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Biology Year 2 > C13 - Neurones & the Nervous Impulse > Flashcards

C13 - Neurones & the Nervous Impulse Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Neurone

A

A nerve cell

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2
Q

What type of cells are NEURONEs?

A

NEURONES are specialist NERVE CELLS,

adapted to rapidly carry nervous impulses

from one part of the body to the other…

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of neurones?

A
  1. Sensory neurones
  2. Motor neurones
  3. Relay neurones
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4
Q

What does a SENSORY NEURONE do?

A

A SENSORY NEURONE

Carries impulses… from the sense receptors or organs into the CNS

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5
Q

What does a MOTOR NEURONE do?

A

A MOTOR NEURONE

Carries impulses from the CNS to the effector organs

e.g. Muscles + gland

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6
Q

What does a RELAY NEURONE do?

A

A RELAY NEURONE

Acts as a connector or association…

It receives impulses from sensory neurones or other relay neurones and transmits them to motor neurones or other relay neurones

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7
Q

ADDITIONAL SLIDE

What is does the CELL BODY/CENTRON contain?

A
  • Contains a NUCLEUS and a GRANULAR CYTOPLASM
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8
Q

Additional Slide

What is the composition of the cytoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm is

  • Granular & contains many ribosomes
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9
Q

What does the Nucleus contain?

A
  • DNA
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10
Q

What do nissl granules do

What is the FUNCTION of NISSI GRANULES?

A
  • Cytoplasmic granules comprising ribosomes grouped on RER
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11
Q

What does a dendrite do

What is the FUNCTION of a DENDRITE?

A

A dendrite is a thin fibre…

Which carries impulses towards the cell body.

A cell body may have several dendrites

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12
Q

What does an axon do

What is the FUNCTION of an AXON?

A

An Axon is a thin fibre…

Carrying impulses away from the cell body.

A cell body can only have one axon

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13
Q

What do Schwann cells do

What is the FUNCTION of a SCHWANN CELL?

A

A SCHWANN CELL…

Surrounds and support nerve fibres .

In vertebrate embryos, SCHWANN CELLS wrap around the developing axons many times and withdraw their cytoplasm, leaving a multi-layered phospholipid myelin sheath.

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14
Q

What does the MYELIN sheath do?

What is the FUNCTION of a MYELIN SHEATH?

A

A MYELIN SHEATH is an…

electrical insulator and speeds up the transmissions of impulses

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15
Q

What do the nodes of ranvier do

What is the FUNCTION of the NODES od RANVIER?

A

The NODES OF RANVIER are…

1 micrometre gaps in myelin sheath, where adjacent schwann cells meet and where the axon membrane is exposed.

They allow impulses to be transmitted rapidly down the Neurone.

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16
Q

What does the synaptic end bulb do

What is the FUNCTION of the SYNAPTIC END BULB

A

A SYNAPTIC END BULB

is the swelling at the end of axon, in which the nuerotransmiter is created.

17
Q

What is the role of the axon ending

What is the FUNCTION of the AXON ending/Terminal?

A

The AXON ending/Terminal

Secretes the nuerotransmitter which transmits impulse to adjacent neurone.

18
Q

Additional Card

Jamie you need to know how to draw a Motor Neurone…

19
Q

THE NERVOUS IMPULSE SECTION STARTS HERE…

20
Q

What does RESTING POTENTIAL mean?

A

The RESTING POTENTIAL is the potential difference across the membrane of a cell when no nervous impulse is being conducted.

Additional point.

A neurone is an excitable cell, which means it can change its resting potential.

Most other cells are not excitable and cannot change their resting potential.

21
Q

what is the standard potential difference across a cell membrane?

22
Q

Is the membrane more positive or negative on the inside?

A

more negative

23
Q

So what is the rest potential

24
Q

What is the resting potential a result of

A

the negative ions of large proteins, of organic acids such as pyruvate and of organic phosphates e.g. ATP ^-4 in the cytoplasm and from the uneven distribution of inorganic ions

25
what is a trait from within the cells
the inside of a cell has both a higher concentration of potassium ions and a lower concentration of Na+ ions than the outside.
26
what is the result of the inside of the having a higher concentration of K+ ions and a lower concentration of Na+ than the outside
The K+ ions would tend to diffuse out and the NA+ ions would tend to diffuse in. Some of the channels that allow the K+ ions to diffuse out are open, whilst most of the channels that allow the na+ ions to move in are closed. This makes the axon membrane 100 X more permeable to K + ions which therefor diffuse out faster than the NA+ ions are able to diffuse back in
27
What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump
It pumps K + ions back into the cell and Na + ions back out They are transmembrane proteins with ATPase activity that transport K + and Na+ ions across the membrane, **against a concentration gradient** by **active transport** they maintain the concentration and an uneven distribution of ions across the membrane
28
Why is a cell described as **polarised**? Reworked card.
A membrane is described as **polarised** when there is a **potential difference** accross the cell membrane i.e. The membrane is -ve on the inside of the cell (owing to the -ve ions found on the large protiens of organic acids e.g. pyruvate and organic phosphates) and postive on the outside of the cell
29
Why is their a potential difference across the cell membrane I.e. Polarised. The answer to this question has two parts: Part 1 The sodium- potassium exchange pumps Push K+ ions back into the cell and NA+ ions back out. The Sodium -potassium exchange pumps are transmembrane proteins, with ATPase activity that transport K+ and NA+ ions across the membrane against a concentration gradient by active transport
The inside of the cell has * A **higher** concentration of K+ ions * A **lower** concentration of NA+ ions Therefore K+ ions more likely to diffuse out & NA+ ions more likely to diffuse in. The **channels** which allow **K+** ions to diffuse **out** tend to be **open** and the channels which allow **NA+** ions to diffuse **in**. tend to be closed This makes the axon cell membrane 100x more permeable to K+ ions than to NA+ ions. The **sodium- potassium exchange pumps** Push K+ ions back into the cell and NA+ ions back out. The **Sodium -potassium exchange pumps** are **transmembrane proteins**, with **ATPase activity** that transport K+ and NA+ ions across the membrane against a **concentration gradient** by **active transport**
30
Study point 1
Microelectrodes inserted into resting axons, measuring the electrical potential, have shown that the inside of the membrane has a negative electrical charge compared with the outside
31
study point 2
Approximately 3 Na + ions are pumped out and 2K+ ions are pumped in for every ATP molecule that is hydrolysed
32
Study point 3
In establishing the resting potential, ions move in two different ways they diffuse through membrane channels and are actively transported by sodium-potassium pumps
33
What does the distribution of ions look like at resting potential.

Biology Year 2 (37 decks)

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