Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > C1.2 > Flashcards

C1.2 Flashcards

Cell respiration

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is cell respiration?

A

the enzyme-controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to produce ATP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why is ATP referred to as energy currency?

A

like money it can be used in different contexts and is constantly recycled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate or ATP?

A

a nucleotide, present in every living cell formed in photosynthesis and respiration from ADP and P, and functioning in metabolism as a common intermediate between energy requiring and energy yielding reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does ATP provide a direct source of energy for?

A

active transport
synthesis of macromolecules
movement of the whole cell
movement of cell components such as chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is adenine diphosphate or ADP?

A

a nucleotide, present in every living cell, made of adenosine and two phosphate groups bonded in a linear sequence, it is important in energy-transfer reactions of metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some features of ATP?

A

moves easily within cells and organisms by facilitated diffusion very reactive molecule that’s able to take part in many steps of cellular respiration and in many reactions of metabolism
an immediate source of energy, able to deliver in relatively small amount and sufficient to drive individual reactions and physical processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

respiration in the absence of oxygen, producing either lactic acid in humans or ethanol and carbon dioxide in plants and yeast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where does Aerobic respiration occur?

A

it occurs in mitochondria and produces large amounts of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

respiration requiring oxygen, involving the oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When and where does lactic acid occur?

A

it occurs in muscle fibres only when the demand for energy for contractions is very great and cannot fully be met by aerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

it occurs in the cytoplasm and produces only a small quantity of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is lactic acid?

A

organic acid produced by the body when glucose is broken down to generate ATP in the absence of oxygen, lactic acid is formed by lactate solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some variables affecting the rate of cell respiration?

A

metabolic rate of the cell
size of an organism
supply of oxygen
supply of substrates for respiration
temperature
PH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does metabolic rate affect cell respiration?

A

muscle cells will require more energy and therefore have a higher rate of respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does the size of the organism affect cell respiration?

A

smallere organisms have a larger surface area compared to theur size and have a correspondingly higher respiratory rate to allow for heat loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does supply of oxygen affect cell respiration?

A

cells need a constant supply of oxygen to release the maximum amount of ATP, inadequately supplied cells will respire anaerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does supply of substrates affect cell respiration?

A

example glucose, other substrates can also be used in the respiratory pathway, the rate of respiration and the quantity of products produced will depend on the respiratory substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does temperature affect cell respiration?

A

cell respiration is controlled by enzymes, temperature affects the rate of respiration by increasing it up to an optimum temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does PH affect cell respiration?

A

The release of carbon dioxide during the process of respiration decrease the pH of cell content and body tissues, which affects the functioning og enzymes involved in respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the main decarboxylation and oxidation reactions glucose goes through?

A

glycolysis- when glucose is converted to pyruvate
a link reaction- pyruvate is converted to acetyl coenzyme A and carbon dioxide is released
the krebs cycle- when acetyl CoA is converted to carbon dioxide
the electron transport chain- hydrogen that is removed from oxidation reactions of glycolysis and krebs cycle is converted to water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does reduction mean?

A

the gain of electrons in a chemical reaction, this can be by removing oxygen atoms or adding hydrogen atoms

14
Q

What does oxidation mean?

A

the loss of electrons in a chemical reaction, this can be by adding oxygen atoms or removing hydrogen atoms

15
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

linked reaction where one substance loses an electron while the other gains an electron, the substance that gains the electron is said to he reduced while the one that lost the electron is said to he oxidized

16
Q

What is an oxidizing agent?

A

a compound with a strong tendency to take electrons from another compound

17
Q

What is a reducing agent?

A

a compound with a strong tendency to donate electrons to another compound

18
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

substance that works with an enzyme to initiate or aid the function of the enzyme

19
Q

What is Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NAD?

A

a coenzyme that is a hydrogen carrier in cellular respiration. NAD+ is the oxidized form that accepts hydrogen atoms

20
Q

What is flavin adenine dinucleotide?

A

a coenzyme that is a hydrogen carrier in cellular respiration, FAD is the oxidized form accepting two hydrogen atoms, forming FADH2.

21
Q

What is a pyruvate?

A

the end product of glycolysis, which is converted into acetyl-CoA that enters the Krebs cycle when there is sufficient oxygen available

22
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

the first stage of cell respiration in which glucose is converted to pyruvate by stepwise enzyme-controlled reactions, without use of oxygen, ATP is generated

23
Q

What is phospholyration?

A

the addition of a phosphoryl group to an organic compound

24
Q

What are the 4 stages of Glycolysis?

A

Phosphorylation
Lysis
Oxidation
ATP formation

25
Q

What is phosphorylation in glycolysis?

A

the way that glucose is first activated, forming glucose phosphate. Phosphorylation of molecules makes them more energetically unstable and higher in energy, which means they are more reactive.

26
Q

What is lysis in glycolysis?

A

splitting of the fructose, 1,6-biphosphate is the next step, forming two molecules of a 3-carbon sugar called trios phosphate

27
Q

What is ATP formation in glycolysis?

A

occurs twice in the reactions by which each triose phosphate molecule is converted to pyruvate. There is a net gain of two ATP’s as 4 are produced 2 are used in the process.

27
Q

What is oxidation in glycolysis?

A

oxidation of the trios phosphate molecules occur by removal hydrogen.

28
Q

Why is aerobic respiration wasteful?

A

the total energy yield per molecule of glucose respired, in terms of ATP generated, is limited to the next two molecules of ATP produced in pyruvate formation.

29
Q

How have human exploited yeast?

A

A few species of Yeast respire anaerobically, even in the presence of the oxygen such as with bread making and in wine and beer production.

30
Q

What is decarboxylation?

A

a chemical reaction that releases carbon dioxide usually with carbon replacing it

31
Q

What is a link reaction?

A

the reactions that connect glycolysis to the reactions of the Krebs cycle by producing acetyl coenzyme A from pyruvate. carbon dioxide and NADH are produced by this reaction.

32
Q

What is the krebs cycle?

A

cyclical metabolic process in aerobic cell respiration involving the oxidation and decarboxylation of acetyl groups, with a yield of ATP and NAD.

33
Q

What happens in the Krebs cycle?

A

The aectyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle by reacting with a 4-carbon organic acid. The products of this are a 6-carbon acid and CoA which is released and reused in the link reaction. The citrate is then converted back to the 4-carbon acid by the reactions of the Krebs cycle.

33
Q

What are the changes involved in the Krebs cycle?

A
  1. two molecules of carbon dioxide are released, in separate decarboxylation reactions
  2. a molecule of ATP is formed as part of one of the reactions in the cycle, as in glycolysis, this ATP synthesis is at substrate level
  3. three molecules of reduced NAD are formed
  4. one molecule of another hydrogen acceptor, the coenzyme FAD is reduced
34
Q

How are fats used in the Krebs cycle?

A

they are first broken down to fatty acids, then cut up into 2-carbon fragments and fed into the Krebs cycle via Coenzyme A.

35
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

a series of proteins that transfer electrons received from reduced coenzymes, generating a gradient of protons that drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

36
Q

What is the total yield from aerobic respiration?

A

32 ATP’s per molecule of glucose respired

37
Q

How is energy transferred in the electron transport chain?

A

when a pair of electrons is passed to the first carrier in the chain, converting reduced NAD (NADH) back to NAD.

38
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

process by which the synthesis of ATP is coupled to electron transport via the movement of protons, using ATP synthase

38
Q

Where are the electron carrier proteins arranged?

A

the inner folds of the mitochondrial membrane in a highly ordered way

39
Q

What is ATP synthase?

A

a complex of integral proteins located in the mitochondrial inner membrane where it catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate, driven by a flow of protons

40
Q

What is the terminal acceptor?

A

the terminal acceptor is the final destination that electrons go to after the electron transport chain

41
Q

How is metabolic water formed?

A

when oxygen is combined with protons from the matrix of the mitochondrion.

Biology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions