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A2.2 Flashcards

Cell structure

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1
Q

What is a cell?

A

the cell is the basic structural unit for all living organisms which carry out the essential processes of life

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2
Q

What are unicellular and multicellular organisms?

A

organisms made up of one cell or multiple cells

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3
Q

What does the cell theory state?

A
  1. cells can only arise from pre-existing cells
    2.living organisms are composed of cells which are the smallest units of life
    3.organisms consisting of one cell perform all function of life in that cell
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3
Q

What does resolution mean?

A

a microscopes ability to visually separate small objects that are very close together

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4
Q

What is an electron microscope?

A

a microscope that uses electrons to magnify the image

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5
Q

Why is an electron microscope useful?

A

electron microscopes can zoom in much more therefore they are used to few the finer details of the cell or the ultrastructure

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6
Q

what does the nucleus do?

A

it contains the DNA/ command center of the cell

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6
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

Cells with a large obvious nucleus

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7
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A

provides the medium in which many of the metabolic reactions of the cell occur

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8
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

One or more nucleoli are present in the nucleus, it is the site where the sub-units of ribosomes are synthesised.

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8
Q

what are structures common to all cells

A

a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm contained within the cell membrane

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9
Q

What is an organelle?

A

a discrete structure within the cell with a specific function

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10
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

The nucleus is the largest organelle in a eukaryotic cell. It is surrounded by the nuclear envelope which contains many nuclear pores and It contains chromosomes.

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10
Q

What are the distinctive features of prokaryotes?

A

1.They are exceedingly small
2.They contain no true nucleus but have a single loop of DNA in the cytoplasm called a nucleoid
3.their cytoplasm does not have the membrane bound organelles of eukaryotes.

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10
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Cells without a nucleus

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11
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

organelles where protein synthesis takes place, they are tiny structures found in the cytoplasm and bound to the RER. They also occur within mitochondria and chloroplasts and are smaller 70s instead of the regular 80s.

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12
Q

What cell components to all bacteria contain?

A

a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, naked DNA, 70s ribosomes

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13
Q

What is metabolism?

A

the chemical reactions of life

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14
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

relatively large organelles and present in very large numbers. It has a double membrane and the inner membrane folds in to form cristae. The interior contains an aqueous solution of metabolites and enzymes called the matrix.

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15
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

has no ribosomes and is the site of synthesis of substances needed by cells

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16
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

has ribosomes attached, is the site of synthesis for the proteins that are packaged in the vesicles created at its margin

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17
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

stack like collection of flattened membranous sacs, it is the site of synthesis for specific biochemicals such as hormones and enzymes which are then packed into vesicles

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18
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Tiny spherical vesicles bound by a single membrane which help clear out any trash in the cells

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19
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A network of fibres that extends throughout the cytoplasm and organises the structures and activities within the cell

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20
Q

What are microtubules?

A

the thickest class of cytoskeletal fibres, help shape and support the cytoplasm

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21
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

The thinnest class of cytoskeletal fibres that
1. are involved in the cleavage furrow formation to divide the cell during cell division
2.play a part in cell motility and especially muscle contraction
3.maintain and change cell shape

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22
Q

What are the 8 processes of life?

A

homeostasis, metabolism, nutrition, movement, excretion, growth, sensitivity, reproduction

23
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a constant stable internal environment

24
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The complex network of interdependent and interacting chemical reactions occurring in living organisms

24
Q

What is nutrition?

A

the process by which organisms take in and/or make use of food/nutrients

25
Q

What is movement?

A

moving from one place to another

25
Q

What is excretion?

A

elimination of waste created by metabolic processes inside cells

26
Q

What is growth?

A

increase in size, mass or number of cells within and organism

27
Q

What is response to stimuli or sensitivity?

A

reaction to changed in the environment

27
Q

What is reproduction?

A

formation of new individuals through sexual or asexual means

28
Q

What are centrioles?

A

A centriole is a tiny organelle consisting of nine sets of three microtubules each arranged in a short, hollow cylinder

29
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

When two centrioles occur at right angles outside the nucleus

30
Q

What is the spindle?

A

The spindle is the structure responsible for the movement of chromosomes during nuclear division

30
Q

What is the role of a centriole?

A

to replicate before an animal cell divides and grow spindle fibres

31
Q

What are some structures typically found in animal cells and some protists?

A

Centrioles, cilia and flagella

32
Q

What are flagella?

A

Flagella are organelles made up of microtubules that occur typically on small motile cells such as sperm. They are used to move.

32
Q

What are cilia?

A

Cilia are organelles that project from the surface of certain cells and are made up of microtubules. They occur in large numbers and cause the movement of mucus across the cell surface.

33
Q

What are some structures typically found in plant cells and some protists?

A

Chloroplasts, permanent vacuoles, the cell wall

34
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Chloroplasts are large biconvex organelles that occur in the mesophyll of cell leaves and give leaves their typical green colour. Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis.

34
Q

What is the stroma in chloroplasts?

A

the space between the grana where the small starch grains are located and the branching membranes are loosely arranged in an aqueous mixture

35
Q

What is the structure of a chloroplast?

A

Two continuous membranes
Thylakoids
Grana
Stroma

35
Q

What are grana in chloroplasts?

A

Thylakoids that are arranged in a flat circular pattern called which look like little stacks of coins. It is here where the chlorophyll and other pigments are located.

36
Q

Whats a thylakoid in chloroplasts?

A

A third system of membranes tucked to form a system of branching membranes

37
Q

What are plastids?

A

an organelle containing pigments that chloroplasts, leucoplasts and chromoplasts are part of.

38
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

a fluid-filled space within the cytoplasm surrounded by a single membrane called a tonoplast

38
Q

What are leucoplasts?

A

colourless plastids where starch is stored

38
Q

What are chromoplasts?

A

coloured plastids containing non-photosynthetic pigments such as carotene and occurring in flower petals and the root tissue of carrots

39
Q

What is a tonoplast?

A

it separates the contents of the vacuole from the cells cytoplasm

40
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

maintaining cell turgor pressure through pushing the cytoplasm against the cell walls and regulating waste

41
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

large molecules of protein to which a small number of sugar molecules bonded together by covalent bonding.

41
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

A wall on the outside of a plant cell constructed of cellulose which allows the cell to develop high internal pressure without bursting

42
Q

What do glycoproteins do in animal cells?

A

allow animal cells to adhere to each other

43
Q

What are fungal cells?

A

a large group of eukaryotic organisms that obtain their food by absoribing nutrients from their external environment, they cannot photosynthesise as they dont contain chloroplasts and have cell walls made of chitin. Most are multicellular but some such as yeast are unicellular

44
Q

What are atypical cell structures?

A

cells that do not conform to cell theory such as red blood cells which have no nucleus

44
Q

what is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

suggests that some organelles in eukaryotic cells ex, mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free living prokaryotic microbes that were incorporated into an ancestral host cell.
Evidence for this is the double membrane of the mitochondria and the 70s ribosomes they contain

45
Q

What is a tissue?

A

a group of similar cells that are specialised to perform a particular function

46
Q

What is an organ?

A

a collection of different tissues which performs a specialised and coordinated function

46
Q

What is a gene?

A

a specific region of a chromosome which is capable of determining the development of a specific characteristic of an organism
or
a specific length of the DNA double helix which codes for a protein

47
Q

What is it called when a cell is being specialized?

A

differentiating

48
Q

What is a proteome?

A

the entire set of proteins expressed by a genome

49
Q

What is division of labour?

A

the carrying out of specialised functions by different types of cells in a multicellular organism

Biology (13 decks)

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