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core chemistry > C1 - topic 4 - obtaining and using metals > Flashcards

C1 - topic 4 - obtaining and using metals Flashcards

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1
Q

where are most ores found?

A

in the earths crust

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2
Q

what metals tend to not form compounds with other elements?

A

unreative metals

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3
Q

give an example of a unreactive metal that is found in combines

A

gold

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4
Q

if a metal is unreative how are they found?

A

uncombined

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5
Q

where can compound naturally be found?

A

in the earths crust

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6
Q

if an unreactive metal is found in combined are is it extracted?

A

it is just dig up

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7
Q

what is a metal ore?

A

a compound that contains enough of the metal to make it worthwhile extracting

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8
Q

are there a lot of metal ores?

A

no, there is a limited amount - they’re “finite resources”

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9
Q

is it harder to extract a more reactive or less reactive metal from a compound?

A

more reactive

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10
Q

metals often have to be separated from their what?

A

oxides

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11
Q

when metals react with oxygen what is formed?

A

oxides

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12
Q

what two common metals react with oxygen to form oxides?

A

aluminium and iron

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13
Q

what is the process of reaction. with oxygen called?

A

oxidation

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14
Q

what are often the ores that the metals need to be extracted from?

A

oxides

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15
Q

what is a reaction that separates a metal from its oxide?

A

a reduction reaction

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16
Q

how is a metal ore formed?

A

the gain of oxygen - oxidation

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17
Q

how is a metal extracted?

A

the loss of oxygen - reduction

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18
Q

what is the most common type of reduction reaction?

A

using Carbon to separate oxygen from the metal

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19
Q

most metals are found in what?

A

ores

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20
Q

methods of extraction are linked to what?

A

the order of reactivity

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21
Q

what is the order of reactivity?

A 
potassium 
sodium
calcium 
magnesium 
aluminium
CARBON
zinc 
iron
tin
lead
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22
Q

what 5 metals are extracted using electrolysis?

A 
potassium 
sodium 
calcium 
magnesium
aluminium
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23
Q

what 4 metals are extracted using Carbon?

A

zinc
iron
tin
lead

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24
Q

what kind of metals can be extracted by heating with Carbon?

A

metals that are less reactive than Carbon - lower in the reactivity series

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25
Q

how does heating a metal with Carbon extract the metal?

A

Carbon reacts with the metal in the ore when heated

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26
Q

why can only less reactive than Carbon metals be extracted using Carbon?

A

because more reactive elements form compounds more readily

less reactive metals allow Carbon to ‘steal’ oxygen from the oxide

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27
Q

Carbon can only take oxygen away from metals which are …..

A

less reactive than Carbon itself

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28
Q

very stable ores are creating from?

A

very reactive metals

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29
Q

how are metals more reactive than Carbon extracted?

A

by using electrolysis

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30
Q

how does electrolysis extract a metal from its ore?

A

it uses electricity to separate the metal from the other elements in the compound

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31
Q

when is electrolysis used to extract metals from their ores?

A

when metals are higher than Carbon in the reactivity series

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32
Q

what is the reactivity series?

A

an order of metals from most reactive to least reactive

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33
Q

how does he extraction method electrolysis work?

A

breaks down the ores using electricity

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34
Q

how does electrolysis remove aluminium from its ore?

A

1) the main ore of aluminium is bauxite, which contains aluminium oxide
2) the aluminium oxide is melted and used as the electrolyte for aluminium extraction
3) electrolysis decomposes the aluminium oxide into aluminium and oxygen atoms
4) the aluminium atoms sink the the bottom of the tank as molten a aluminium metal

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35
Q

why is electrolysis only used when metals can’t be extracted using Carbon?

A

because it is very expensive so it is used as little as possible

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36
Q

what are the three main characteristics of metals?

A

strong
bendy
great conductors of both heat and electricity

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37
Q

do metals have loads of everyday uses?

A

yes

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38
Q

metals strength and bend ability make them useful to make what?

A

bridges and car bodies

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39
Q

a metal being good at conducting heat makes them useful for making what?

A

saucepan bases as heat can travel through it

40
Q

what are metals used to make electrical wires?

A

because they’re great conductors of electricity

41
Q

do all metals have different specific properties?

A

yes

42
Q

what are the properties of aluminium?

A

low density

corrosion resistant

43
Q

what is the difference between pure aluminium and an aluminium alloy?

A

our aluminium isn’t particularly strong but it forms hard alloys which makes it very hard

44
Q

what uses do aluminium alloys have?

A

window frames
electrical cables
aircraft etc

45
Q

what are the properties of copper?

A

hard
strong
high melting point
good conductor of electricity

46
Q

because of coppers properties what is it used to make?

A

electrical wires
pipes
plumbing

47
Q

why can copper be used to be made into pipes and used for plumbing?

A

it’s below hydrogen in the reactivity series, so it doesn’t react with water

48
Q

what are the properties of gold?

A

shiny
extremely easy to shake
unreactive

49
Q

what is gold used for?

A

jewellery (easy to shape)

to other fillings and in electric circuits (doesn’t react with anything)

50
Q

do all metals corrode the same?

A

no, some metals corrode more easily than others

51
Q

why does corrosion happen?

A

because the metal is bit h oxidised

52
Q

are metals that are high or low I. the reactivity series more likely to corrode?

A

high because they’re are more likely to react with oxygen

53
Q

is iron or lead less corrosion - resistant?

A

iron

54
Q

how is rust formed in iron?

A

1) iron combines with oxygen ( and water)
2) the iron gains oxygen to form iron (|||) oxide
3) water then becomes loosely bonded to the iron (|||) oxide and the result is hydrated iron (|||) oxide (rust)

55
Q

is the word ‘rust’ used for the corrosion of all metals?

A

no, just for the corrosion of iron

56
Q

what is an alloy?

A

a mixture of two or more metals, or a metal and a non-metal

57
Q

most pure iron is turned into alloys called?

A

steels

58
Q

how are steels formed?

A

by adding small amounts of carbon and sometimes other metals to the iron

59
Q

the alloys produced are …… and more …..

A

stronger

corrosion - resistant

60
Q

pure iron tends to be a bit too what?

A

bendy

61
Q

iron extracted using Carbon is only what percent iron?

A

96%

62
Q

when iron is heated with Carbon during extraction what is the 4% that isn’t iron?

A

impurities including Carbon

63
Q

is impure iron brittle?

A

yes

64
Q

what is brittle, impure iron used for?

A

ornamental railings but doesn’t have many other uses

65
Q

what kind of arrangement does pure iron have?

A

a regular arrangement of identical atoms

66
Q

why is the arrangement of pure metals bad?

A

the atoms are all the same size (identical) so the layers of atoms can slide over eachother which makes it soft and easily shaped

67
Q

what is a metal being too soft a problem?

A

it can be too bendy and soft for most uses

68
Q

what are uses and properties of low carbon steel?

A

easily shaped

car bodies

69
Q

what the uses and properties of high carbon steel?

A

very hard, inflexible
blades for cutting tools
bridges

70
Q

what are uses and properties of stainless steel?

A

rust - resistant
cutlery
containers for corrosive substances

71
Q

are alloys or pure metals harder?

A

alloys

72
Q

do different elements have the same or different sized atoms?

A

different

73
Q

why are alloys harder than pure metals?

A

because when two elements combine there are bigger and smaller atoms that will upset the layers of the pure metal so it will be made more difficult for them to slide over each other

74
Q

why are many metals in use today alloys?

A

because they’re harder

75
Q

what are gold alloys used to make?

A

jewellery

76
Q

what metals are used to harden our gold into an alloy?

A

zinc
copper
Nickel

77
Q

why isn’t pure gold used to make jewellery?

A

because pure gold is too soft so it needs other metals to harden it

78
Q

pure gold is described as “24 carats”, so 18 carats means what?

A

that 18 out of 24 parts of the allot are pure gold

18 carat gold is 75% gold

79
Q

what is fineness?

A

referring to parts of pure gold per thousand

80
Q

alloys can be designed for specific uses because we understand what?

A

the properties of metals

81
Q

what is special about smart alloys?

A

they return to their original shape

82
Q

what property do most smart alloys have?

A

shape memory

83
Q

what is shape memory?

A

when a metal remembers their original shape

84
Q

what is an example of a smart alloy?

A

nitinol

85
Q

nitinol is any alloy of what?

A

nickel and titanium

86
Q

if you bend a wire made of this smart alloy, what will happen?

A

it’ll go back to its original shape when it is heated

87
Q

how does a smart alloy return back to its original shape?

A

by being heated

88
Q

what is nitinol useful for?

A

glasses frames so that they can be reshape easily because of the shape memory property

89
Q

is it important to recycle metals?

A

yes

90
Q

what are 4 reasons to why recycling is useful?

A

it’s uses less resources
it uses less energy
it uses less money
it makes less rubbish

91
Q

why is recycling using less resources helpful?

A

Theres a finite amount of meta in the earth so recycling conserves them

92
Q

why does recycling using less energy help us?

A

mining and extracting metals uses lots of energy which mostly comes from burning fossil fuels which we will run out of and causes pollution

93
Q

why does recycling save money?

A

because energy is expensive which is needed to extract and mine metals

94
Q

why does recycling make less rubbish?

A

it cuts down on the amount of rubbish that goes to landfill, which takes up space and pollutes the surroundings

95
Q

what is the most cost - effective metal to recycle?

A

aluminium

96
Q

why isn’t recycling free?

A

because you still have to collect the waste material, transport it, sort it out, then process it

97
Q

what would happen if you didn’t recycle aluminium?

A

you would have to mine more aluminium which ruins the landscape (which are usually in rainforests)
the ore then needs to be transported, and the aluminium extracted

core chemistry (11 decks)

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