C1 - topic 2 - materials from the earth Flashcards
what are the three different types of rock?
sedimentary
metamorphic
Igneous
sedimentary rocks are generally pretty ….
soft
igneous rocks are normally really ….
hard
what are two examples of sedimentary rocks?
limestone and chalk
is limestone and chalk formed at high temperatures?
no
why do sedimentary rocks contain fossils?
the Rock isn’t formed at high temperatures so the remains and imprints of dead organisms aren’t destroyed
how can limestone and chalk be broken away?
by wind, rain and waves (erosion)
what are metamorphic rocks formed from?
other rocks
what is an example of metamorphic rocks?
marble
how do metamorphic rocks form?
1) the action of heat and pressure on sedimentary rocks over long periods of time
when metamorphic rocks form does the texture and mineral structure change?
yes, but the chemical composition is often the same as the original rock
when are rocks classed as metamorphic?
when the rocks melt they turn to magma but they may resurface as igneous rocks so they are no longer metamorphic when they melt
what two rocks is marble formed from?
limestone or chalk
how is marble formed from limestone?
vey high temperatures break down the limestone and it reforms small crystals
what are igneous rocks formed from?
fresh magma
what do igneous rocks contain?
various different minerals in randomly arrange interlocking crystals
what are the two types of igneous rocks?
extrusive and intrusive
describe the formation of extrusive rocks
they: cool quickly above ground forms small crystals e.g. basalt
what are two examples of extrusive igneous rocks
basalt and rhyolite
how are intrusive rocks formed?
they: cool slowly underground form big crystals e.g. granite and gabbro
what are two examples of intrusive igneous rocks?
granite and gabbro
what is granite (metamorphic rock) ideal for?
steps and buildings
is granite hard or soft?
hard
list 4 advantages of quarrying limestone:
1) limestone provides things that people want - house and roads as well as dyes, paints, and medicines
2) limestone products are used to neutralise acidic soil so acidity in lakes and rivers is neutralised
3) limestone is used in power station chimneys to neutralise sulfur dioxide, which is a cause of acid rain
4) Provides jobs for people and bring money into the local economy which could lead to local improvements in transport, roads etc
one quarrying is complete, landscaping of the area is normally required as part of the planning permission
what is an advantage of quarrying to do with jobs?
the quarry and associated businesses provide jobs for people and brings more money to the local economy. this can lead to local improvements in transports, roads etc
what is an advantage of quarrying to do with panning permission?
when quarrying is complete, landscaping and restoration of the area is no tally required as part of the planning permission
what is an advantage of limestone and chimneys?
it is used in power stations because it neutralises sulfur dioxide, which is a cause of acid rain
what is an advantage of quarrying limestone to do with soil
limestone products are used to neutralise acidic soil so acidity in lakes and rivers are neutralised
what is an advantage of quarrying to do with people?
limestone provides what people want - like house and roads as well as dyes, paints and medicines
what are the disadvantages of quarrying limestone?
1) makes huge holes which permanently changes the landscape
2) processes like blasting rocks apart with explosives makes lots of noise and dust in quiet, scenic areas
3) destroys the habitats of animals and birds
4) limestone needs to be transported away from the quarry usually in lorries which causes both noise and pollution
5) waste materials produce unsightly tips
what is the main use of limestone?
building materials such as cement, concrete and glass
how is cement made?
powdered limestone is heated in a kiln with powdered clay
how do you make concrete?
mix cement with sand, water and gravel
how do you make glass from limestone?
heat limestone with sand and sodium carbonate until it melts
what are the three steps in the formation of sedimentary rock?
1 ) formed from layers of sediment laid down in lakes or seas
2) the layers get buried under more layers and the WEIGHT and PRESSING DOWN squeezes out the water
3) fluids flowing through the pores deposit natural mineral cement
what colour is limestone?
grey/white
is limestone used to build make cathedrals, statues and other buildings
yes
when is limestone usually insoluble?
in plain water
why is acid rain a big problem for limestone?
the acid reacts with the limestone and dissolves it away
how can limestone because used in road surfacing?
limestone can be crushed up into chippings and used in road surfacing
what is limestone mainly?
calcium carbonate
what is the symbol for calcium carbonate?
caco3
when calcium carbonate is thermally decomposed what is the products?
calcium oxide and carbon dioxide
when does thermal decomposition happen?
when one substance chemically changes into at least two substances when it’s heated
when other carbonates other than calcium carbonate are heated do they decompose in the same way?
yes
what is given off when carbonates are thermally decomposed?
Carbon dioxide
when zinc carbonate and copper carbonate thermally decompose what is formed?
an oxide and Carbon dioxide
what is the process of thermal decomposition?
1) the carbonate is hard in a boiling tube by a bunsen burner
2) Carbon dioxide travels done the tube to the limewater in a boiling tube
3) the gas is piped off into a test tube filled with limewater
4) the Carbon dioxide will turn the limewater milky
what is the word equation for the decomposition of copper carbonate?
copper carbonate = copper oxide + Carbon dioxide
what is the word equation for zinc carbonate decomposed?
zinc carbonate = zinc oxide + Carbon dioxide
when do some carbonated undergo thermal decomposition more easily than others?
some metal carbonates are less stable - depend on the stability of the metal carbonate
less stable carbonates will decompose faster/slower and the limewater will turn milky more/less quickly
1) faster
2) more
what is the colour change of copper carbonate during thermal decomposition?
green
what is the colour change of copper oxide during thermal decomposition?
black
what is produced when calcium oxide reads with water?
calcium hydroxide
what is the symbol for calcium hydroxide?
Ca(OH)2
is calcium hydroxide an alkali or acid?
alkali
why can calcium hydroxide neutralise acidic soil in field ab
it is an alkali
what is the advantage of calcium hydroxide being used to neutralise rather than powered calcium oxide?
it works much faster
when calcium hydroxide dissolves in water what does it produce?
a solution known as limewater
what isn’t lost or made in chemical reactions?
atoms
what are elements and compounds made up of?
atoms
what is the smallest particle you can get of each element?
atom
what takes part in chemical reactions?
atoms
do you have the same number of atoms at the start of a reaction and at the end?
yes
what are the atoms called at the start?
reactants
what are the atoms called at the end?
products
if I had 6g of magnesium and 4g of oxygen, how many grand of magnesium oxide would I have?
10 g of magnesium oxide because no atoms are lost or gained during a chemical reaction
when does a precipitation reaction happen?
when two solutions react and an insoluble solid forms in the solution
what is a precipitate?
the solid created as a result of two solutions reacting
if copper sulfate solution reacts with sodium hydroxide what insoluble will form?
copper hydroxide and soldium sulfate
what is the symbol for sodium sulfate?
Na2SO4
what is the symbol for copper hydroxide?
Cu(OH)2
copper hydroxide is insoluble so what would happen in a reaction?
it “precipitates out”
what is the state symbol for a solid?
(s)
what is the state symbol for a liquid?
(l)
what is the state symbol for a gas?
(g)
what is the state symbol for dissolved in water?
(aq)
what does a state symbol tell you?
what physical state it’s in
for an equation to be balanced what must it have?
the same number of atoms of each elements on both sides
if you do a reaction in a sealed container what happens to the mass?
the total mass before and after doesn’t change
what is a good way of showing that the total mass before and after a sealed reaction is unchanged?
a precipitate reaction
what can be found in sedimentary rocks?
fossils
how is igneous rock formed?
magma cooling
why do extrusive rocks have different sized crystals than intrusive rocks?
extrusive rocks cool quicker
extrusive igneous rocks have big/small sized crystals?
small
intrusive igneous rocks have big/small sized crystals?
big
why are fossils never found in igneous rocks?
igneous rocks are exposed to high temperatures so they aren’t destroyed
what is the chemical name for chalk, limestone and marble?
calcium carbonate
what can we make from using calcium carbonate?
cement, concrete, buildings, statues
what is the word equation for thermal decomposition?
calcium carbonate = calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide
what happens to limewater when carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through it?
becomes cloudy/milky
what happens to the mass of reactants and the mass of products during a chemical reaction?
stays the same
why do farmers add calcium carbonate to their soil?
neutralised the acids in the soil
what is the symbol for calcium carbonate?
CaCO3
what is a use of limestone?
used in a laboratory to test for carbon dioxide
what building materials are formed when limestone us processed?
heated with clay: cement
add sand, water and gravel: concrete
heat with sand and sodium carbonate: glass
what causes damage to limestone?
rain because the acid reacts with the rock which causes it to dissolve
what is the symbol for zinc carbonate?
ZnCO3
what is a precipitate?
an insoluble solid
what does a number in front of a formula apply to?
the amount of atoms
