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core chemistry > C1 - topic 2 - materials from the earth > Flashcards

C1 - topic 2 - materials from the earth Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

what are the three different types of rock?

A

sedimentary
metamorphic
Igneous

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2
Q

sedimentary rocks are generally pretty ….

A

soft

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3
Q

igneous rocks are normally really ….

A

hard

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4
Q

what are two examples of sedimentary rocks?

A

limestone and chalk

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5
Q

is limestone and chalk formed at high temperatures?

A

no

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6
Q

why do sedimentary rocks contain fossils?

A

the Rock isn’t formed at high temperatures so the remains and imprints of dead organisms aren’t destroyed

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7
Q

how can limestone and chalk be broken away?

A

by wind, rain and waves (erosion)

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8
Q

what are metamorphic rocks formed from?

A

other rocks

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9
Q

what is an example of metamorphic rocks?

A

marble

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10
Q

how do metamorphic rocks form?

A

1) the action of heat and pressure on sedimentary rocks over long periods of time

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11
Q

when metamorphic rocks form does the texture and mineral structure change?

A

yes, but the chemical composition is often the same as the original rock

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12
Q

when are rocks classed as metamorphic?

A

when the rocks melt they turn to magma but they may resurface as igneous rocks so they are no longer metamorphic when they melt

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13
Q

what two rocks is marble formed from?

A

limestone or chalk

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14
Q

how is marble formed from limestone?

A

vey high temperatures break down the limestone and it reforms small crystals

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15
Q

what are igneous rocks formed from?

A

fresh magma

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16
Q

what do igneous rocks contain?

A

various different minerals in randomly arrange interlocking crystals

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17
Q

what are the two types of igneous rocks?

A

extrusive and intrusive

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18
Q

describe the formation of extrusive rocks

A 
they: 
cool quickly 
above ground 
forms small crystals
e.g. basalt
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19
Q

what are two examples of extrusive igneous rocks

A

basalt and rhyolite

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20
Q

how are intrusive rocks formed?

A 
they: 
cool slowly 
underground 
form big crystals 
e.g. granite and gabbro
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21
Q

what are two examples of intrusive igneous rocks?

A

granite and gabbro

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22
Q

what is granite (metamorphic rock) ideal for?

A

steps and buildings

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23
Q

is granite hard or soft?

A

hard

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24
Q

list 4 advantages of quarrying limestone:

A

1) limestone provides things that people want - house and roads as well as dyes, paints, and medicines
2) limestone products are used to neutralise acidic soil so acidity in lakes and rivers is neutralised
3) limestone is used in power station chimneys to neutralise sulfur dioxide, which is a cause of acid rain
4) Provides jobs for people and bring money into the local economy which could lead to local improvements in transport, roads etc
one quarrying is complete, landscaping of the area is normally required as part of the planning permission

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25
what is an advantage of quarrying to do with jobs?
the quarry and associated businesses provide jobs for people and brings more money to the local economy. this can lead to local improvements in transports, roads etc
26
what is an advantage of quarrying to do with panning permission?
when quarrying is complete, landscaping and restoration of the area is no tally required as part of the planning permission
27
what is an advantage of limestone and chimneys?
it is used in power stations because it neutralises sulfur dioxide, which is a cause of acid rain
28
what is an advantage of quarrying limestone to do with soil
limestone products are used to neutralise acidic soil so acidity in lakes and rivers are neutralised
29
what is an advantage of quarrying to do with people?
limestone provides what people want - like house and roads as well as dyes, paints and medicines
30
what are the disadvantages of quarrying limestone?
1) makes huge holes which permanently changes the landscape 2) processes like blasting rocks apart with explosives makes lots of noise and dust in quiet, scenic areas 3) destroys the habitats of animals and birds 4) limestone needs to be transported away from the quarry usually in lorries which causes both noise and pollution 5) waste materials produce unsightly tips
31
what is the main use of limestone?
building materials such as cement, concrete and glass
32
how is cement made?
powdered limestone is heated in a kiln with powdered clay
33
how do you make concrete?
mix cement with sand, water and gravel
34
how do you make glass from limestone?
heat limestone with sand and sodium carbonate until it melts
35
what are the three steps in the formation of sedimentary rock?
1 ) formed from layers of sediment laid down in lakes or seas 2) the layers get buried under more layers and the WEIGHT and PRESSING DOWN squeezes out the water 3) fluids flowing through the pores deposit natural mineral cement
36
what colour is limestone?
grey/white
37
is limestone used to build make cathedrals, statues and other buildings
yes
38
when is limestone usually insoluble?
in plain water
39
why is acid rain a big problem for limestone?
the acid reacts with the limestone and dissolves it away
40
how can limestone because used in road surfacing?
limestone can be crushed up into chippings and used in road surfacing
41
what is limestone mainly?
calcium carbonate
42
what is the symbol for calcium carbonate?
caco3
43
when calcium carbonate is thermally decomposed what is the products?
calcium oxide and carbon dioxide
44
when does thermal decomposition happen?
when one substance chemically changes into at least two substances when it's heated
45
when other carbonates other than calcium carbonate are heated do they decompose in the same way?
yes
46
what is given off when carbonates are thermally decomposed?
Carbon dioxide
47
when zinc carbonate and copper carbonate thermally decompose what is formed?
an oxide and Carbon dioxide
48
what is the process of thermal decomposition?
1) the carbonate is hard in a boiling tube by a bunsen burner 2) Carbon dioxide travels done the tube to the limewater in a boiling tube 3) the gas is piped off into a test tube filled with limewater 4) the Carbon dioxide will turn the limewater milky
49
what is the word equation for the decomposition of copper carbonate?
copper carbonate = copper oxide + Carbon dioxide
50
what is the word equation for zinc carbonate decomposed?
zinc carbonate = zinc oxide + Carbon dioxide
51
when do some carbonated undergo thermal decomposition more easily than others?
some metal carbonates are less stable - depend on the stability of the metal carbonate
52
less stable carbonates will decompose faster/slower and the limewater will turn milky more/less quickly
1) faster | 2) more
53
what is the colour change of copper carbonate during thermal decomposition?
green
54
what is the colour change of copper oxide during thermal decomposition?
black
55
what is produced when calcium oxide reads with water?
calcium hydroxide
56
what is the symbol for calcium hydroxide?
Ca(OH)2
57
is calcium hydroxide an alkali or acid?
alkali
58
why can calcium hydroxide neutralise acidic soil in field ab
it is an alkali
59
what is the advantage of calcium hydroxide being used to neutralise rather than powered calcium oxide?
it works much faster
60
when calcium hydroxide dissolves in water what does it produce?
a solution known as limewater
61
what isn't lost or made in chemical reactions?
atoms
62
what are elements and compounds made up of?
atoms
63
what is the smallest particle you can get of each element?
atom
64
what takes part in chemical reactions?
atoms
65
do you have the same number of atoms at the start of a reaction and at the end?
yes
66
what are the atoms called at the start?
reactants
67
what are the atoms called at the end?
products
68
if I had 6g of magnesium and 4g of oxygen, how many grand of magnesium oxide would I have?
10 g of magnesium oxide because no atoms are lost or gained during a chemical reaction
69
when does a precipitation reaction happen?
when two solutions react and an insoluble solid forms in the solution
70
what is a precipitate?
the solid created as a result of two solutions reacting
71
if copper sulfate solution reacts with sodium hydroxide what insoluble will form?
copper hydroxide and soldium sulfate
72
what is the symbol for sodium sulfate?
Na2SO4
73
what is the symbol for copper hydroxide?
Cu(OH)2
74
copper hydroxide is insoluble so what would happen in a reaction?
it "precipitates out"
75
what is the state symbol for a solid?
(s)
76
what is the state symbol for a liquid?
(l)
77
what is the state symbol for a gas?
(g)
78
what is the state symbol for dissolved in water?
(aq)
79
what does a state symbol tell you?
what physical state it's in
80
for an equation to be balanced what must it have?
the same number of atoms of each elements on both sides
81
if you do a reaction in a sealed container what happens to the mass?
the total mass before and after doesn't change
82
what is a good way of showing that the total mass before and after a sealed reaction is unchanged?
a precipitate reaction
83
what can be found in sedimentary rocks?
fossils
84
how is igneous rock formed?
magma cooling
85
why do extrusive rocks have different sized crystals than intrusive rocks?
extrusive rocks cool quicker
86
extrusive igneous rocks have big/small sized crystals?
small
87
intrusive igneous rocks have big/small sized crystals?
big
88
why are fossils never found in igneous rocks?
igneous rocks are exposed to high temperatures so they aren't destroyed
89
what is the chemical name for chalk, limestone and marble?
calcium carbonate
90
what can we make from using calcium carbonate?
cement, concrete, buildings, statues
91
what is the word equation for thermal decomposition?
calcium carbonate = calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide
92
what happens to limewater when carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through it?
becomes cloudy/milky
93
what happens to the mass of reactants and the mass of products during a chemical reaction?
stays the same
94
why do farmers add calcium carbonate to their soil?
neutralised the acids in the soil
95
what is the symbol for calcium carbonate?
CaCO3
96
what is a use of limestone?
used in a laboratory to test for carbon dioxide
97
what building materials are formed when limestone us processed?
heated with clay: cement add sand, water and gravel: concrete heat with sand and sodium carbonate: glass
98
what causes damage to limestone?
rain because the acid reacts with the rock which causes it to dissolve
99
what is the symbol for zinc carbonate?
ZnCO3
100
what is a precipitate?
an insoluble solid
101
what does a number in front of a formula apply to?
the amount of atoms

core chemistry (11 decks)

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