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core chemistry > C1 - topic 2 - materials from the earth > Flashcards

C1 - topic 2 - materials from the earth Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the three different types of rock?

A

sedimentary
metamorphic
Igneous

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2
Q

sedimentary rocks are generally pretty ….

A

soft

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3
Q

igneous rocks are normally really ….

A

hard

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4
Q

what are two examples of sedimentary rocks?

A

limestone and chalk

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5
Q

is limestone and chalk formed at high temperatures?

A

no

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6
Q

why do sedimentary rocks contain fossils?

A

the Rock isn’t formed at high temperatures so the remains and imprints of dead organisms aren’t destroyed

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7
Q

how can limestone and chalk be broken away?

A

by wind, rain and waves (erosion)

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8
Q

what are metamorphic rocks formed from?

A

other rocks

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9
Q

what is an example of metamorphic rocks?

A

marble

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10
Q

how do metamorphic rocks form?

A

1) the action of heat and pressure on sedimentary rocks over long periods of time

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11
Q

when metamorphic rocks form does the texture and mineral structure change?

A

yes, but the chemical composition is often the same as the original rock

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12
Q

when are rocks classed as metamorphic?

A

when the rocks melt they turn to magma but they may resurface as igneous rocks so they are no longer metamorphic when they melt

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13
Q

what two rocks is marble formed from?

A

limestone or chalk

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14
Q

how is marble formed from limestone?

A

vey high temperatures break down the limestone and it reforms small crystals

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15
Q

what are igneous rocks formed from?

A

fresh magma

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16
Q

what do igneous rocks contain?

A

various different minerals in randomly arrange interlocking crystals

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17
Q

what are the two types of igneous rocks?

A

extrusive and intrusive

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18
Q

describe the formation of extrusive rocks

A 
they: 
cool quickly 
above ground 
forms small crystals
e.g. basalt
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19
Q

what are two examples of extrusive igneous rocks

A

basalt and rhyolite

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20
Q

how are intrusive rocks formed?

A 
they: 
cool slowly 
underground 
form big crystals 
e.g. granite and gabbro
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21
Q

what are two examples of intrusive igneous rocks?

A

granite and gabbro

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22
Q

what is granite (metamorphic rock) ideal for?

A

steps and buildings

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23
Q

is granite hard or soft?

A

hard

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24
Q

list 4 advantages of quarrying limestone:

A

1) limestone provides things that people want - house and roads as well as dyes, paints, and medicines
2) limestone products are used to neutralise acidic soil so acidity in lakes and rivers is neutralised
3) limestone is used in power station chimneys to neutralise sulfur dioxide, which is a cause of acid rain
4) Provides jobs for people and bring money into the local economy which could lead to local improvements in transport, roads etc
one quarrying is complete, landscaping of the area is normally required as part of the planning permission

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25
Q

what is an advantage of quarrying to do with jobs?

A

the quarry and associated businesses provide jobs for people and brings more money to the local economy. this can lead to local improvements in transports, roads etc

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26
Q

what is an advantage of quarrying to do with panning permission?

A

when quarrying is complete, landscaping and restoration of the area is no tally required as part of the planning permission

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27
Q

what is an advantage of limestone and chimneys?

A

it is used in power stations because it neutralises sulfur dioxide, which is a cause of acid rain

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28
Q

what is an advantage of quarrying limestone to do with soil

A

limestone products are used to neutralise acidic soil so acidity in lakes and rivers are neutralised

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29
Q

what is an advantage of quarrying to do with people?

A

limestone provides what people want - like house and roads as well as dyes, paints and medicines

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30
Q

what are the disadvantages of quarrying limestone?

A

1) makes huge holes which permanently changes the landscape
2) processes like blasting rocks apart with explosives makes lots of noise and dust in quiet, scenic areas
3) destroys the habitats of animals and birds
4) limestone needs to be transported away from the quarry usually in lorries which causes both noise and pollution
5) waste materials produce unsightly tips

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31
Q

what is the main use of limestone?

A

building materials such as cement, concrete and glass

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32
Q

how is cement made?

A

powdered limestone is heated in a kiln with powdered clay

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33
Q

how do you make concrete?

A

mix cement with sand, water and gravel

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34
Q

how do you make glass from limestone?

A

heat limestone with sand and sodium carbonate until it melts

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35
Q

what are the three steps in the formation of sedimentary rock?

A

1 ) formed from layers of sediment laid down in lakes or seas

2) the layers get buried under more layers and the WEIGHT and PRESSING DOWN squeezes out the water
3) fluids flowing through the pores deposit natural mineral cement

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36
Q

what colour is limestone?

A

grey/white

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37
Q

is limestone used to build make cathedrals, statues and other buildings

A

yes

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38
Q

when is limestone usually insoluble?

A

in plain water

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39
Q

why is acid rain a big problem for limestone?

A

the acid reacts with the limestone and dissolves it away

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40
Q

how can limestone because used in road surfacing?

A

limestone can be crushed up into chippings and used in road surfacing

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41
Q

what is limestone mainly?

A

calcium carbonate

42
Q

what is the symbol for calcium carbonate?

A

caco3

43
Q

when calcium carbonate is thermally decomposed what is the products?

A

calcium oxide and carbon dioxide

44
Q

when does thermal decomposition happen?

A

when one substance chemically changes into at least two substances when it’s heated

45
Q

when other carbonates other than calcium carbonate are heated do they decompose in the same way?

A

yes

46
Q

what is given off when carbonates are thermally decomposed?

A

Carbon dioxide

47
Q

when zinc carbonate and copper carbonate thermally decompose what is formed?

A

an oxide and Carbon dioxide

48
Q

what is the process of thermal decomposition?

A

1) the carbonate is hard in a boiling tube by a bunsen burner
2) Carbon dioxide travels done the tube to the limewater in a boiling tube
3) the gas is piped off into a test tube filled with limewater
4) the Carbon dioxide will turn the limewater milky

49
Q

what is the word equation for the decomposition of copper carbonate?

A

copper carbonate = copper oxide + Carbon dioxide

50
Q

what is the word equation for zinc carbonate decomposed?

A

zinc carbonate = zinc oxide + Carbon dioxide

51
Q

when do some carbonated undergo thermal decomposition more easily than others?

A

some metal carbonates are less stable - depend on the stability of the metal carbonate

52
Q

less stable carbonates will decompose faster/slower and the limewater will turn milky more/less quickly

A

1) faster

2) more

53
Q

what is the colour change of copper carbonate during thermal decomposition?

A

green

54
Q

what is the colour change of copper oxide during thermal decomposition?

A

black

55
Q

what is produced when calcium oxide reads with water?

A

calcium hydroxide

56
Q

what is the symbol for calcium hydroxide?

A

Ca(OH)2

57
Q

is calcium hydroxide an alkali or acid?

A

alkali

58
Q

why can calcium hydroxide neutralise acidic soil in field ab

A

it is an alkali

59
Q

what is the advantage of calcium hydroxide being used to neutralise rather than powered calcium oxide?

A

it works much faster

60
Q

when calcium hydroxide dissolves in water what does it produce?

A

a solution known as limewater

61
Q

what isn’t lost or made in chemical reactions?

A

atoms

62
Q

what are elements and compounds made up of?

A

atoms

63
Q

what is the smallest particle you can get of each element?

A

atom

64
Q

what takes part in chemical reactions?

A

atoms

65
Q

do you have the same number of atoms at the start of a reaction and at the end?

A

yes

66
Q

what are the atoms called at the start?

A

reactants

67
Q

what are the atoms called at the end?

A

products

68
Q

if I had 6g of magnesium and 4g of oxygen, how many grand of magnesium oxide would I have?

A

10 g of magnesium oxide because no atoms are lost or gained during a chemical reaction

69
Q

when does a precipitation reaction happen?

A

when two solutions react and an insoluble solid forms in the solution

70
Q

what is a precipitate?

A

the solid created as a result of two solutions reacting

71
Q

if copper sulfate solution reacts with sodium hydroxide what insoluble will form?

A

copper hydroxide and soldium sulfate

72
Q

what is the symbol for sodium sulfate?

A

Na2SO4

73
Q

what is the symbol for copper hydroxide?

A

Cu(OH)2

74
Q

copper hydroxide is insoluble so what would happen in a reaction?

A

it “precipitates out”

75
Q

what is the state symbol for a solid?

A

(s)

76
Q

what is the state symbol for a liquid?

A

(l)

77
Q

what is the state symbol for a gas?

A

(g)

78
Q

what is the state symbol for dissolved in water?

A

(aq)

79
Q

what does a state symbol tell you?

A

what physical state it’s in

80
Q

for an equation to be balanced what must it have?

A

the same number of atoms of each elements on both sides

81
Q

if you do a reaction in a sealed container what happens to the mass?

A

the total mass before and after doesn’t change

82
Q

what is a good way of showing that the total mass before and after a sealed reaction is unchanged?

A

a precipitate reaction

83
Q

what can be found in sedimentary rocks?

A

fossils

84
Q

how is igneous rock formed?

A

magma cooling

85
Q

why do extrusive rocks have different sized crystals than intrusive rocks?

A

extrusive rocks cool quicker

86
Q

extrusive igneous rocks have big/small sized crystals?

A

small

87
Q

intrusive igneous rocks have big/small sized crystals?

A

big

88
Q

why are fossils never found in igneous rocks?

A

igneous rocks are exposed to high temperatures so they aren’t destroyed

89
Q

what is the chemical name for chalk, limestone and marble?

A

calcium carbonate

90
Q

what can we make from using calcium carbonate?

A

cement, concrete, buildings, statues

91
Q

what is the word equation for thermal decomposition?

A

calcium carbonate = calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide

92
Q

what happens to limewater when carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through it?

A

becomes cloudy/milky

93
Q

what happens to the mass of reactants and the mass of products during a chemical reaction?

A

stays the same

94
Q

why do farmers add calcium carbonate to their soil?

A

neutralised the acids in the soil

95
Q

what is the symbol for calcium carbonate?

A

CaCO3

96
Q

what is a use of limestone?

A

used in a laboratory to test for carbon dioxide

97
Q

what building materials are formed when limestone us processed?

A

heated with clay: cement
add sand, water and gravel: concrete
heat with sand and sodium carbonate: glass

98
Q

what causes damage to limestone?

A

rain because the acid reacts with the rock which causes it to dissolve

99
Q

what is the symbol for zinc carbonate?

A

ZnCO3

100
Q

what is a precipitate?

A

an insoluble solid

101
Q

what does a number in front of a formula apply to?

A

the amount of atoms

core chemistry (11 decks)

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