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core chemistry > C1 - the important bits / weaknesses > Flashcards

C1 - the important bits / weaknesses Flashcards

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1
Q

explain why today’s atmosphere in different from the earth early atmosphere

A

less carbon dioxide

more oxygen

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2
Q

how were the oceans formed?

A

water vapour condensed

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3
Q

3 ways that human activity is changing the atmosphere

A

burning fossil fuels
livestock farming
deforestation

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4
Q

when is a natural activity that is changing the atmosphere?

A

volcanic activity

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5
Q

how could you investigate the proportion of oxygen in the atmosphere?

A

iron wool > iron oxide

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6
Q

name the three types of rocks

A

sedimentary
metamorphic
igneous

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7
Q

what type of rock is marble and how is it formed?

A

metamorphic

heat and pressure

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8
Q

what type of rock is chalk?

A

sedimentary

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9
Q

what is the difference in the way the crystals of extrusive and intrusive rocks form

A

extrusive - quickly

intrusive - slowly

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10
Q

name three building materials made from limestone

A

cement
concrete
glass
sand

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11
Q

what is thermal decomposition?

A

the decomposition of carbonated to produce Carbon dioxide

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12
Q

write down the symbol equation showing the thermal decomposition of limestone

A

CaCO(3) > CaO + Co(2)

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13
Q

how could you test for Carbon dioxide in a thermal decomposition reaction?

A

it would turn the limewater cloudy/milky

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14
Q

write down the symbol equation for the thermal decomposition reaction of zinc carbonate

A

ZnCO(3) > ZnO + CO(2)

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15
Q

what product can be made by adding water to calcium oxide and why is it useful?

A

calcium hydroxide (limewater) which can be used to test for Carbon dioxide

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16
Q

are atoms lost/made in a reaction or just rearranged?

A

rearranged because atoms aren’t lost or made in a chemical reaction

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17
Q

what is a precipitate?

A

the insoluble solid that is formed when two solutions react

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18
Q

if you carry out a reaction in a sealed container, what would you notice about the mass of the reactants and products?

A

there would be no change because no reactants or pedicure can’t escape

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19
Q

what does a number in front of a formula apply to?

A

the amount of atoms that specific element has

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20
Q

what is the state symbol for “dissolved in water”

A

aq

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21
Q

name the two main gases that make up the earths atmosphere today

A

nitrogen, oxygen, Carbon dioxide and other gases

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22
Q

do acids have a pH greater or less than 7?

A

less

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23
Q

name the acid produced by the stomach

A

hydrochloric acid

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24
Q

how do indigestion tablets work?

A

they neutralise the excess acid in the stomach

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25
Q

what do you get when you react an acid with a metal oxide?

A

salt and water (maybe Carbon dioxide)

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26
Q

is the anode positive or negative?

A

positive

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27
Q

are anions attracted to the anode?

A

yes

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28
Q

how would you test for hydrogen gas?

A

the gas would make a “squeaky pop” sound when lighted

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29
Q

name a product of the electrolysis of salt

A

water

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30
Q

when water undergoes electrolysis, what gases are given off?

A

hydrogen and oxygen

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31
Q

what is a metal ore?

A

two or more elements combined to form a compound which has enough of a metal to make it wort. extracting

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32
Q

what is the difference between oxidation and reeducation?

A

oxidation is the gaining of oxygen, reduction is the removal of oxygen

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33
Q

what are the two ways which metals are often extracted from their ores?

A

electrolysis and heating with Carbon

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34
Q

what is bauxite?

A

the main ore of aluminium

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35
Q

metals are used for car bodies, saucepan based and electrical wires. for each of these uses give one reason why metals are appropriate

A

flexible/strong
conducts heat
conducts electricity

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36
Q

why are metals high in the reactivity series more likely to corrode?

A

because they’re more likely to react

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37
Q

why are alloys stronger than pure metals?

A

pure metals have all the same sized atoms in a regular arrangement so the layers of metals can easily slide over each other, however, alloys have different sizes atoms because there is more than one element so it STOPS the layers of metals from sliding over eachother / move

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38
Q

give three reasons why it is good to recycle metals

A

save resources
saves money
uses less energy

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39
Q

what does crude oil consist of and what does fractional distillation do to crude oil?

A

a mixture of different sized hydrocarbon molecules

fractional distillations splits up the crude oil into more useful separate fractions / fuels

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40
Q

what’s so clever about smart alloys?

A

they have shape memory so when heated they can convert back to there original shape - E.g nitinol (nickel and titanium)

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41
Q

what is produced during complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

Carbon dioxide and oxygen and energy

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42
Q

what are four things you might want to consider when deciding on the best fuel to use

A

ease of ignition
energy value
ash and smoke
storage and tansport

43
Q

explain how incomplete combustion can be harmful to humans

A

it can kill lots of people because carbon monoxide is a product which is a colourless, odourless and very toxic (poisonous) gas

44
Q

what problems are associated with acid rain?

A

cause lakes to become acidic and many places still and animals die as a result
kills trees and damages limestone buildings
ruins stone statues

45
Q

list three ways of reducing acid rain

A

reduce usage of fossil fuels
cats being fitted with catalytic converters to clean up their exhaust gases
power stations have acid gas scrubbers to take harmful gases out before they release their fumes into the atmosphere

46
Q

list two ways in which human activity is increasing Carbon dioxide levels

A

burning fossil fuels

deforestation

47
Q

what are biofuels?

A

fuels that are made my microorganisms that are renewable and remove Carbon dioxide from the air

48
Q

what are the reactants and products in fuel cells?

A

fuel + oxygen = energy

49
Q

what is a fuel cell?

A

an electrical cell that’s supplied with a fuel and oxygen and users energy from the reaction between them to generate electricity

50
Q

list one advantage and one disadvantage of fuel cells

A

advantage = much more efficient than power stations or batteries at producing energy
electricity is generated directly from the reaction
disadvantage = it won’t end the use of fossil fuels because it’s very explosive so it is difficult to store safety

51
Q

how would you if it was an alkene/alkane or has single/double bonds?

A

add bromine water

  • remains the colour of bromine water = alkane
  • declolourise/turns clear = alkene
52
Q

what are monomers?

A

small molecules e.g. alkenes

53
Q

what are polymers?

A

long chains of molecules that are lots of joined up monomers (small molecules)

54
Q

how is igneous rock formed?

A

magma cooling and solidifying

55
Q

why do extrusive igneous rocks have different sized crystals than intrusive igneous rocks?

A

they cool quicker

56
Q

extrusive rocks have big/small sized crystals

A

small

57
Q

intrusive igneous rocks have big/small sized crystals

A

big

58
Q

give two examples of sedimentary rocks

A

limestone and chalk

59
Q

give an example of a metamorphic rock

A

marble

60
Q

give an example of an igneous rock

A

granite

61
Q

what can be found in sedimentary rocks?

A

fossils

62
Q

why are fossils never found in igneous rocks?

A

they are exposed to too high temperatures

63
Q

what is the chemical name for chalk, marble and limestone?

A

calcium carbonate

64
Q

give an advantage of quarrying limestone

A

provides jobs - better economy

limestone gives people what they want - roads etc

65
Q

give an disadvantage of quarrying limestone

A

noisy in remote areas
pollution from transporting limestone
detritus landscape

66
Q

what can you make from calcium carbonate?

A 
cement 
concrete 
glass 
buildings 
statues
67
Q

what is thermal decomposition?

A

the breaking down of a compound into two other elements using electrical heat

68
Q

what happens to limewater when Carbon dioxide is bubbles through it?

A

becomes cloudy/turns milky

69
Q

what happens to the mass of react bars and the mass of products during a chemical reaction?

A

stays the same

70
Q

why do farmers add calcium yo their soil?

A

neutralises the acid in the soil

71
Q

why does your stomach produce hydrochloric acid?

A

to break down food

kill bacteria

72
Q

what type of chemical do we use to neutralise acids?

A

bases - alkalis

73
Q

what is the reaction called when an acid becomes neutral by using an alkali?

A

neutralisation

74
Q

what colour and pH is neutral when using universal indicator?

A

Green

pH 7

75
Q

a hydrochloric acid produces what salts?

A

chloride

76
Q

a nitric acid produces what salts?

A

nitrate

77
Q

a sulfuric acid produces what salts?

A

sulfate

78
Q

what does electrolysis mean?

A

the breaking down of a compound using electricity

79
Q

when you pass electricity through hydrochloric acid, what two things are made?

A

hydrogen and chlorine

80
Q

describe the chemical test for chlorine

A

blue/damp litmus paper bleached

81
Q

describe the chemical test for hydrogen

A

when lite makes a squeaky pop sound

82
Q

describe the chemical test for oxygen

A

relight a glowing splint

83
Q

where are most ores found?

A

earths crust

84
Q

how are most unreactive metals found?

A

in their native state - uncombined

85
Q

give the name of a metal that is extracted by heating with Carbon

A

zinc
tin
iron
Nickel

86
Q

why are different metals extracted in different ways?

A

some are more reactive than others

87
Q

what does oxidation mean?

A

adding of oxygen > oxides

88
Q

what does reduction mean?

A

removal of oxygen

89
Q

what reaction is it when you extract metals from their ores?

A

oxidation

90
Q

what does corrosion mean?

A

when the metal corrodes / reacts with oxygen in the air

91
Q

re ire the order of the reactivity series, starting with the most reactive

A 
potassium 
sodium 
calcium 
magnesium 
aluminium 
Carbon
zin
iron
tin
lead
92
Q

metals are hard to oxidise or corrode when they are found where in the reactivity series?

A

bottom - least reactive

93
Q

3 advantages of recycling

A

less energy
less money
less resources

94
Q

what is a disadvantage of recycling?

A

can be expensive

95
Q

give a use for aluminium and why it is used for it

A

aircrafts

low density

96
Q

give a use for gold and why it is used for it

A

jewellery - can be shaped / doesn’t corrode

97
Q

give a use for steel and why it is used for it

A

electrical pipes > good conductor

98
Q

give 2 reason why iron is made into an alloy

A

it is harder so it has a more stable structure

99
Q

what is an alloy?

A

when 2 or more elements combine/react

100
Q

sea water is sodium chloride solution, when decomposed one product is a toxic gas, which is it?

A

chlorine

101
Q

give a safety precaution that should be taken when collecting toxic gas

A

gas masks must be worn so that you don’t breathe it in

102
Q

what are the three conditions for cracking?

A

high temperature
catalyst
long chain alkane

103
Q

why is cracking useful?

A

shorter chains have a wider variety of uses

core chemistry (11 decks)

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