C1 - 3.2 - Urbanisation Is Result Of Socio Economic Processes And Change Flashcards
What are the two different types of migration to cities?
National and international
What is national migration?
National migration is when people move to a city in the same country
What is international migration?
International migration is when people move from one country to a city in another country
What are some examples of push factors encouraging migration to a city?
- Shortage of jobs - Low living standard - Natural disasters (drought, flooding) - Low pay - lack of investment - Lack of services - Poor healthcare/education
What are some examples of pull factors encouraging migration to a city?
- More employment opportunities - Better healthcare + education - Better standard of life - Safer - Higher wages
What is rural to urban migration?
Movement from the countryside to towns/cities
Why is Kampala, Uganda growing?
- Steelworks in southern Kampala (TNC) - Jobs in construction + infrastructure in urban Uganda - Rural poverty - Drought and flooding in rural uganda
Why is New York groeing?
- New York needs high and low skilled workers - New York has import experts from overseas - New York has expertise in finance - New York is wealthy
What is the main source of migration for New york, Kampala?
Kampala, Uganda - rural-urban New York - international
Why do cities in developing countries grow?
In developing countries rural areas are very poor, so national migration happens as people seek better jobs. The informal sector has lots of opportunities for low skilled migrants. Some cities also attract foreign companies and the manufacturing industry is growing
Why do cities in emerging countries grow or are stable?
In emerging countries some cities are industrial centres with lots of manufacturing jobs, or have a rapidly expanding service sector. So people move to cities to work in the new industries. Wealthier countries also attract foreign investment so more jobs.
Shy do some cities in developed countries decline?
De-industrialisation leads to decline in industry areas so people move to find work elsewhere. Some cities stil decline but some have been regenerated
What is a reason for cities in developed countries growing?
A lot of low-skilled workers are attracted to more successful cities in the region, declining the cities they leave but growing the ones they join
Why is Detroit declining?
- de-industrialisation - Low taxes don’t give enough money - This causes a lack of services
Fuigure for Detroit’s decline
- Population fell by 25% 2000-2010 - Went bankrupt in 2003
What is the formal economy?
The formal economy is an official economy (employment) meeting legal standards for accounts, takes, pay, conditions
What is informal economy?
The informal economy is an unofficial and unregulated economy where no records are kept, there are no employment rights and no tax
What types of jobs are found in the four economic sectors?
Primary - collecting raw materials (farming/mining) Secondary - manufacturing Tertiary - providing services Quaternary - research + development
How does formal/informal employment vary by development?
Developing countries - many workers in informal Emerging - decreasing number in informal Developed - Few workers in informal
What is employment in different economic sectors like in developing countries?
- Lots of people are in low-skilled tertiary (market stalls) - Some in primary - Few in secondary as there is not enough money for investment - Small % in high skilled tertiary
What is employment in different economic sectors like in emerging countries?
- High employment in the secondary sector - Lots of low-skilled tertiary - more jobs in high-skilled tertiary
What is employment in different economic sectors like in developed countries?
- Few people in the secondary sector - Most people in the tertiary sector - Some employment in quaternary sector
How do working conditions vary with development level?
Developing countries have poor conditions with low pay and long hours Emerging countries have improved conditions and worker rights Developed countries have good conditions, with high pay and rights
