C1 - 3.2 - Urbanisation Is Result Of Socio Economic Processes And Change

Question 2

What are the two different types of migration to cities?

Answer 2

National and international

Question 3

What is national migration?

Answer 3

National migration is when people move to a city in the same country

Question 4

What is international migration?

Answer 4

International migration is when people move from one country to a city in another country

Question 5

What are some examples of push factors encouraging migration to a city?

Answer 5

• Shortage of jobs - Low living standard - Natural disasters (drought, flooding) - Low pay - lack of investment - Lack of services - Poor healthcare/education

Question 6

What are some examples of pull factors encouraging migration to a city?

Answer 6

• More employment opportunities - Better healthcare + education - Better standard of life - Safer - Higher wages

Question 7

What is rural to urban migration?

Answer 7

Movement from the countryside to towns/cities

Question 8

Why is Kampala, Uganda growing?

Answer 8

• Steelworks in southern Kampala (TNC) - Jobs in construction + infrastructure in urban Uganda - Rural poverty - Drought and flooding in rural uganda

Question 9

Why is New York groeing?

Answer 9

• New York needs high and low skilled workers - New York has import experts from overseas - New York has expertise in finance - New York is wealthy

Question 10

What is the main source of migration for New york, Kampala?

Answer 10

Kampala, Uganda - rural-urban New York - international

Question 11

Why do cities in developing countries grow?

Answer 11

In developing countries rural areas are very poor, so national migration happens as people seek better jobs. The informal sector has lots of opportunities for low skilled migrants. Some cities also attract foreign companies and the manufacturing industry is growing

Question 12

Why do cities in emerging countries grow or are stable?

Answer 12

In emerging countries some cities are industrial centres with lots of manufacturing jobs, or have a rapidly expanding service sector. So people move to cities to work in the new industries. Wealthier countries also attract foreign investment so more jobs.

Question 13

Shy do some cities in developed countries decline?

Answer 13

De-industrialisation leads to decline in industry areas so people move to find work elsewhere. Some cities stil decline but some have been regenerated

Question 14

What is a reason for cities in developed countries growing?

Answer 14

A lot of low-skilled workers are attracted to more successful cities in the region, declining the cities they leave but growing the ones they join

Question 15

Why is Detroit declining?

Answer 15

• de-industrialisation - Low taxes don’t give enough money - This causes a lack of services

Question 16

Fuigure for Detroit’s decline

Answer 16

• Population fell by 25% 2000-2010 - Went bankrupt in 2003

Question 17

What is the formal economy?

Answer 17

The formal economy is an official economy (employment) meeting legal standards for accounts, takes, pay, conditions

Question 18

What is informal economy?

Answer 18

The informal economy is an unofficial and unregulated economy where no records are kept, there are no employment rights and no tax

Question 19

What types of jobs are found in the four economic sectors?

Answer 19

Primary - collecting raw materials (farming/mining) Secondary - manufacturing Tertiary - providing services Quaternary - research + development

Question 20

How does formal/informal employment vary by development?

Answer 20

Developing countries - many workers in informal Emerging - decreasing number in informal Developed - Few workers in informal

Question 21

What is employment in different economic sectors like in developing countries?

Answer 21

• Lots of people are in low-skilled tertiary (market stalls) - Some in primary - Few in secondary as there is not enough money for investment - Small % in high skilled tertiary

Question 22

What is employment in different economic sectors like in emerging countries?

Answer 22

• High employment in the secondary sector - Lots of low-skilled tertiary - more jobs in high-skilled tertiary

Question 23

What is employment in different economic sectors like in developed countries?

Answer 23

• Few people in the secondary sector - Most people in the tertiary sector - Some employment in quaternary sector

Question 24

How do working conditions vary with development level?

Answer 24

Developing countries have poor conditions with low pay and long hours Emerging countries have improved conditions and worker rights Developed countries have good conditions, with high pay and rights