C + P- 18th And 19th Century Britsin Flashcards
1
Q
What time period is 18th and 19th century Britain?
A
c.1700 - c.1900
2
Q
Name two factors which increased crime.
A
- increase of urbanisation
- new forms of transport made it harder to track down criminals
- rapid population growth
- rich and poor living closer together
3
Q
Which two crimes changed in this time period? How did they change?
A
- Poaching
- More professional/ poaching gangs
- Smuggling
- Gangs became more organised and clever
4
Q
What did the govt. do to decrease poaching? (What Law)
A
- Black Act (1723)
- harsh anti-poaching laws
- capital crime
5
Q
When was poaching no longer part of the Bloody Code?
A
Early 19th century (1823)
6
Q
What TWO things did the government do to reduce smuggling crimes?
A
- reduce importing duty tax (cheaper to ship goods)
- Coast guards
7
Q
What crime increased rapidly in this time period?
A
Highway robbery
8
Q
State three reasons why highway robbery increased.
A
- more trade/ goods moved around country
- few banks/ cash was handheld
- wealthy travelled in coaches
- roads isolated between towns
9
Q
What two things resulted in the decline of highway robbery?
A
- Banks
- Horse patrol
10
Q
What important development in this period changed Britain’s crimes, law enforcement and punishments?
A
Industrial Revolution
11
Q
How did the Industrial Revolution change population?
A
- increased
- mass migration to urban areas
12
Q
How did the Industrial Revolution change work?
A
- work in factories/ workshops/mills
13
Q
How did the Industrial Revolution change voting rights?
A
- ALL (men) could vote
14
Q
How did the Industrial Revolution change agriculture?
A
- better knowledge of agriculture
- food produced easily, imported cheaply from abroad
15
Q
How did the Industrial Revolution change politics and government?
A
- wider responsibility to look after ordinary citizens
16
Q
How did the Industrial Revolution change travel?
A
- cheaper and quicker
- railways/ steam power/ canals
17
Q
How did the Industrial Revolution change economy?
A
- leading trade country
- govt. higher taxes
18
Q
How did the Industrial Revolution change education?
A
- 95% of population literate
- kids had to go to school until 13
19
Q
How did the Industrial Revolution change beliefs?
A
- Darwin’s theory of evolution made people believe that some were born as criminals
- Religion challenged by science
20
Q
How did the Industrial Revolution change taxes?
A
- higher working population
- higher taxes to govt.
- more money spent on law enforcement
21
Q
What did the Tolpuddle Martyrs do?
A
- 6 far workers
- friendly union to protest and improve pay
22
Q
What law were the Tolpuddle Martyrs arrested under?
A
- old naval law to prevent mutinies
23
Q
Why were authorities so worried about the Tolpuddle Martyrs?
A
French Revolution
24
Q
What punishment did the Tolpuddle Martyrs face?
A
Transportation to Australia
25
How did the public react to the Tolpuddle Martyrs?
mass protests
press was extremely influential - publicised families of martyrs
26
What eventually happened to the Tolpuddle Martyrs?
- pardoned
- received a 'hero's welcome'
27
Name one Tolpuddle Martyr.
George Loveless
28
Who established the Bow Street Runners?
The Fielding Brothers
29
Who were the. Bow Street Runners? How did they transition to a professional police force?
- influenced by the idea of thief takers
- charged a fee for use and collected rewards for successfully convicting people
30
What effective tactic did the Bow Street Runners use?
- 'Hue and Cry' newsletter
- named and described wanted criminals in the area
31
What two things did the Bow Street Runners change about their method of law enforcement from thief-takers?
- increased foot and horse patrols
- shared info about criminals with other law enforcers
32
For what two reasons did people oppose an official police force?
- people thought it would be too expensive
- like having an army in the streets
33
What was Englands first uniformed professional police force? When was it formed?
- Early 19th century (1829)
- Metropolitan Police
34
Why was the Metropolitan Police better than the Bow Street Runners?
- larger in numbers
- better organised
35
What did Peel do to make the public see the police positively?
Uniforms green and red to dark blue to tell them apart from army
36
What was policing like outside of London? How did this change?
- Initially it was optional
- By halfway through 19th century all local areas had to have a police force that was inspected
37
Name two detective organisations set up.
Scotland Yard
Criminal Investigations Department (CID)
38
What invention allowed police forces to communicate information quickly?
Telegraph - National Crime Records set up.
39
Which three individuals influenced questioning the death penalty?
Charles Dickens
Elizabeth Fry
John Howard
40
What new belief replaced the Bloody Code?
Criminals should be given chance to reform and rehabilitate
41
Why were some people going unpunished before abolishment of the Bloody Code?
Juries were sympathetic to people who were sentenced to the death penalty
42
Why were people sent to Australia to do manual labour? 2 reasons
- more 'humane' than death penalty
- British prisons not designed for large numbers of prisoners
43
Give 4 reasons as to why transportation was stopped.
- Gold discovered there - less of a punishment
- GB prisoners blamed for crime rates in Austrailia
- More prisons built in Britain
- Campaigners against shipping conditions
44
Give 4 reasons as to why public executions were ended
- party like atmosphere - children and employers had time off to watch hangings
- pickpocketing and prostituition
- crowds would mock authorities and heroise the criminal
- reformers
45
Describe prisons before the 18th century
- used for holding before trial not punish
- everyone crowded together
- pay for food/bedding/wine/women
- houses of correction
46
Describe prisons after 18th century (use etc.)
- replacement for bloody code
- reform and rehabilitation
- hard labour
47
What was humanitarianism?
- all people are equal
- inhumane treatment should be stopped
48
Who was John Howard?
- High Sheriff
- shocked at state of prisons and wrote book
- recommended clean water and food
- prisoners to have private cells
- prisons to be paid
49
Who was Elizabeth Fry?
- Puritan
- wanted women and children to be safe in prisons
- organised prison education and bible studies
- campaigned
50
What law introduced prison inspections? When was it established?
- Gaols Act
- 1835
51
What was the Separate system?
- kept in solitude
- prevent criminals influencing each other
- 'reflect' on their crime
52
Name two features of Pentonville which isolated prisoners
- thick walls so couldn't take
- worked in their cells
53
What work did prisoners do in prison?
- oakum picking (separating rope)
- weaving on loom
54
How were they separated outside of cells?
-- face masks for exercise
- individual booths in chapel
55
What made Pentonville modern?
- 5 wings with individual cells
- piped water to cells
- heating system and ventilation
56
What were two Pentonville punishments?
- crank - turning it for hundreds of times
- treadwheel - step up to make a giant wheel move
57
Describe the 1865 Prisons Act
- strict regime in all prisons
- extremely harsh to prisoners
- boring food/ repetitive hard labour/ wooden board beds
58
Who was Robert Peel?
Home Secretary
59
What did Peel achieve in 1820?
- key role in ending bloody code
- minor crimes fairly punished
- reformed prisons - listened to Elizabeth Fry
60
Describe Peels' Gaol Act
- regular inspections of prisons
- wages for prison staff
- female prisoners looked after by female wardens
61
How did Peel respond to criticisms of the police? Describe his rules.
- created a clear set of rules for police officers
- positive and trusting relationship with police
- no prejudice or buas
- positive role models
- force last resort/ no weapons for officers
62
What aims did Peel have for the police?
- proper pay structure
- police headquarters set up in Scotland yard
- distinctive blue uniform (Dif. to army)
- truncheons and handcuffs- weapons not linked to army
- high quality standardised training
