Building Blocks

Question 1

what are the functions of glycoproteins?

Answer 1

blood clotting
reproductive communication
immune response

Question 2

what are the functions of glycolipids?

Answer 2

inflammatory response

Question 3

name some functions of carbohydrates

Answer 3

energy source
energy storage
cell membrane/ structural
nucleotide and lipid biosynthesis

Question 4

describe Aldose nomenclature

Answer 4

an aldehyde
aldotriose means 3 carbons, aldodiose is 2
has alcohol group on the carbons

Question 5

describe ketose nomenclature

Answer 5

has ketone group
alcohol on each carbon
ketotriose means 3 carbons

Question 6

how many carbons in fructose, and which carbon is the ketone?

Answer 6

6 C
on the 2nd C

Question 7

what is the name for the 6 membered ring (5C + 1O)

Answer 7

Pyranose

Question 8

what is the name for the 5 membered ring (4C+ 1O)

Answer 8

Furanose

Question 9

what is the difference between alpha and beta forms

Answer 9

alpha had H above the OH

Question 10

what is the difference between the enantiomers

Answer 10

D has OH on the right (metabolically active)
L has OH on the left

Question 11

what are Diastereomers?
And what are the different types?

Answer 11

not mirror images
Epimers: diastereomers that differ only at the chiral centre
Anomers: either acetal or hemiacetal

Question 12

what monosaccharides are isomers of glucose?

Answer 12

galactose
fructose

Question 13

what are dissacharides?

Answer 13

2 monosaccharides that are joined together by a glycosidic bond in a condensation reaction

Question 14

what is trehalose?

Answer 14

2 alpha glucose molecules bonded at C1
hydrolysed by trehalase

Question 15

what is sucrose?

Answer 15

fructose and glucose
hydrolysed by sucrase

Question 16

what is lactose?

Answer 16

galactose and glucose
hydrolysed by lactase

Question 17

what are polysaccharides made of a repeating monosaccharides called?

Answer 17

homopolysaccharides

(heteropolysacchariddes contain 2 or more)

Question 18

what is the function of glycogen?

Answer 18

glucose storage in vertebrates

Question 19

describe the structure of glycogen

Answer 19

1-4 glycosidic bonds and 1-6 glycosidic bonds at branching points.

Question 20

which enzyme hydrolyses glycogen
and where?

Answer 20

glycogen phosphorylase
in the liver

Question 21

what makes up starch?

Answer 21

amylose and amylopectin

Question 22

what enzyme breakdowns cellulose?

Answer 22

cellulases

Question 23

what are the volatile fatty acids broken down into?

Answer 23

acetate
burate
propionate

Question 24

how are volatile fatty acids made

Answer 24

in fermentation polysaccharides broken down into glucose, broken down into pyruvate, into VFAs

Question 25

where is chitin found

Answer 25

in invertebrates exoskeletons

Question 26

what are proteoglycans?

Answer 26

carbohydrates with a protein component

Question 27

what are some functions of glycoproteins?

Answer 27

viral protective coats to protect them from the immune systems extracellular recognition and signalling intracellular signalling hormones blood clotting immune recognition reproductive communication

Question 28

describe the structure of glycoproteins?

Answer 28

carbohydrate O linked to serine or threonine or carbohydrate N glycosyl linked from the 1st carbon to the amide group of asparagine

Question 29

what are glycosaminoglycans

Answer 29

unbranched polysaccharides with a repeating disaccharide unit

Question 30

what is a use for glycosaminoglycans?

Answer 30

anticoagulants

Question 31

what is aggrecan

Answer 31

proteoglycan that has a major component of cartilage

Question 32

what are proteoglycans

Answer 32

macromolecules of the cell/ matrix proteins that have covalently bonded carbohydrate chains

Question 33

what is the structure of a nucleotide?

Answer 33

nitrogenous base pentose sugar phosphate group

Question 34

what is the difference between the ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid

Answer 34

ribonucleic acid has OH on the 2nd C Deoxyribonucleic acid has an H on the 2nd C

Question 35

which bases are pyrimidines

Answer 35

Cytosine Thymine Uracil

Question 36

describe the structure of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Answer 36

adenosine (adenine and an RNA pentose sugar) phosphates

Question 37

how are phosphates linked

Answer 37

phosphoanhydride bonds

Question 38

how much energy does each phosphoanydride bond yield

Answer 38

30kJ/mol

Question 39

what are the products of glycolysis

Answer 39

2 ATP molecules 2 NADH molecules

Question 40

where does glycolysis occur

Answer 40

cytoplasm