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Cells and Genes SF1 > Building Blocks > Flashcards

Building Blocks Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of glycoproteins?

A

blood clotting
reproductive communication
immune response

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2
Q

what are the functions of glycolipids?

A

inflammatory response

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3
Q

name some functions of carbohydrates

A

energy source
energy storage
cell membrane/ structural
nucleotide and lipid biosynthesis

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4
Q

describe Aldose nomenclature

A

an aldehyde
aldotriose means 3 carbons, aldodiose is 2
has alcohol group on the carbons

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5
Q

describe ketose nomenclature

A

has ketone group
alcohol on each carbon
ketotriose means 3 carbons

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6
Q

how many carbons in fructose, and which carbon is the ketone?

A

6 C
on the 2nd C

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7
Q

what is the name for the 6 membered ring (5C + 1O)

A

Pyranose

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8
Q

what is the name for the 5 membered ring (4C+ 1O)

A

Furanose

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9
Q

what is the difference between alpha and beta forms

A

alpha had H above the OH

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10
Q

what is the difference between the enantiomers

A

D has OH on the right (metabolically active)
L has OH on the left

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11
Q

what are Diastereomers?
And what are the different types?

A

not mirror images
Epimers: diastereomers that differ only at the chiral centre
Anomers: either acetal or hemiacetal

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12
Q

what monosaccharides are isomers of glucose?

A

galactose
fructose

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13
Q

what are dissacharides?

A

2 monosaccharides that are joined together by a glycosidic bond in a condensation reaction

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14
Q

what is trehalose?

A

2 alpha glucose molecules bonded at C1
hydrolysed by trehalase

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15
Q

what is sucrose?

A

fructose and glucose
hydrolysed by sucrase

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16
Q

what is lactose?

A

galactose and glucose
hydrolysed by lactase

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17
Q

what are polysaccharides made of a repeating monosaccharides called?

A

homopolysaccharides

(heteropolysacchariddes contain 2 or more)

18
Q

what is the function of glycogen?

A

glucose storage in vertebrates

19
Q

describe the structure of glycogen

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds and 1-6 glycosidic bonds at branching points.

20
Q

which enzyme hydrolyses glycogen
and where?

A

glycogen phosphorylase
in the liver

21
Q

what makes up starch?

A

amylose and amylopectin

22
Q

what enzyme breakdowns cellulose?

A

cellulases

23
Q

what are the volatile fatty acids broken down into?

A

acetate
burate
propionate

24
Q

how are volatile fatty acids made

A

in fermentation polysaccharides broken down into glucose, broken down into pyruvate, into VFAs

25
Q

where is chitin found

A

in invertebrates exoskeletons

26
Q

what are proteoglycans?

A

carbohydrates with a protein component

27
Q

what are some functions of glycoproteins?

A

viral protective coats to protect them from the immune systems
extracellular recognition and signalling
intracellular signalling
hormones
blood clotting
immune recognition
reproductive communication

28
Q

describe the structure of glycoproteins?

A

carbohydrate O linked to serine or threonine
or
carbohydrate N glycosyl linked from the 1st carbon to the amide group of asparagine

29
Q

what are glycosaminoglycans

A

unbranched polysaccharides with a repeating disaccharide unit

30
Q

what is a use for glycosaminoglycans?

A

anticoagulants

31
Q

what is aggrecan

A

proteoglycan that has a major component of cartilage

32
Q

what are proteoglycans

A

macromolecules of the cell/ matrix
proteins that have covalently bonded carbohydrate chains

33
Q

what is the structure of a nucleotide?

A

nitrogenous base
pentose sugar
phosphate group

34
Q

what is the difference between the ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid

A

ribonucleic acid has OH on the 2nd C
Deoxyribonucleic acid has an H on the 2nd C

35
Q

which bases are pyrimidines

A

Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

36
Q

describe the structure of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

A

adenosine (adenine and an RNA pentose sugar)
phosphates

37
Q

how are phosphates linked

A

phosphoanhydride bonds

38
Q

how much energy does each phosphoanydride bond yield

A

30kJ/mol

39
Q

what are the products of glycolysis

A

2 ATP molecules
2 NADH molecules

40
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

cytoplasm

Cells and Genes SF1 (11 decks)

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