British India: Consequences of the rebellion (Society) Flashcards
What was the impact of the Westerners questioning if the Indians could be “Westernised”?
Fuelled arrogance amongst white men that was kept afloat due to Social-Darwinist theories of superiority
What was the Indian Raj supposed to be administered by?
British notions of fairness
What was administered on the British notions of fairness?
The Indian Raj
Who did the Indian legal system favour?
White men
Who did the Indian Raj not favour?
Too complex and expensive for the poor particularly in matters of land tenure
What was the impact of the equal opportunities offered by British rule?
More educational opportunities for some wealthier Indians who formed a new professional class but it did little for the mass peasantry. Even those with education, it is hard to obtain promotions
On the whole, how were the British viewed by the Indians?
More indifference (unconcerned)
Why did the British build railways?
Need to control trade
What did the British build to aid trade?
Railways
What did most villages not have?
Mud roads
What was the impact of the British promoting Indian agricultural produce?
Encouraged specialisation for higher value cash crops (e.g. rice and wheat). This then neglected lower value grain (e.g. rye, barley, millet and coarse rice) which were the main food staple for the population. India became reliant on imports and consumptions per head declined.
What did the British do in terms of land?
Irrigation
Where did the British implement irrigation and land improvements?
Only in places where they supported British commercial interests
What percentage of land was affected by irrigation?
6%
What did 6% of the Indian land have?
Affected by irrigation and land reforms
Industrially, what did the Indians fail to develop?
Viable industries and its economy was skewed. British provided Indians with cheap materials
Who did the British provide education to?
Privileged few so illiteracy was widespread
In what areas did the British provide Indians work with?
Railway Army Police Civil Service But only a minority could find employment
What did Viceroy Canning do between 1859 to 61?
Exhaustive tour of India designed to win back those who had dispossessed or felt alienated by British rule
Who did an Exhaustive tour of India designed to win back those who had dispossessed or felt alienated by British rule between 1859-61?
Viceroy Canning
Between what years did Viceroy Canning do an exhaustive tour of India designed to win back those who had dispossessed or felt alienated by British rule?
1859-61
What was the star of India medal?
Order of chivalry founded by Queen Victoria in 1861 with three classes: Knight Grand Commander (GCSI), Knight Commander(KCSI), Companion(CSI)
What was the Order of chivalry founded by Queen Victoria in 1861 with three classes: Knight Grand Commander (GCSI), Knight Commander(KCSI), Companion(CSI)
Star of India Medal
What was the motto for the Star of India?
Heaven’s light our guide
Where was the emblem of the order of the ‘Star of India’ appeared?
Appeared on the flag of the Viceroy of India
What was the impact of Viceroys travels around India between 1859-61?
Some land and titles were returned to native Indians
Star of India medals introduced
Positions in either the Imperial Assembly or Statutory Civil Service were shared amongst the Indian nobility
More educational establishments, teaching in English were opened
Where were universities introduced in 1857?
Bombay
Madras
Calcutta
What happened in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta in 1857?
Universities made
What elite schools were set up to make ‘Westernised Oriental Gentlemen’ (WOGs)?
Rajkumar College
Mayo College
Bombay’s Cathedral School
What was the impact of setting up elite schools like Rajkumar College, Mayo College And Bombay’s Cathedral School?
Produce ‘Westernised Oriental Gentlemen’ (WOGs)
What happened in the 30 years following 1857?
60,000 Indians entered university
During what period did 60,000 Indians enter university?
30 years after 1857
In what subject did Indians mainly take at university?
Arts
In the 30 years after 1857, how many Indians studies law at universit?
2000
In the 30 years after 1857, what subject did 2,000 students study at university?
Law
Of the 1712 Calcutta students who graduated by 1882, how many entered the government service?
Over a third entered government service and slightly more went into the legal profession
How many Calcutta students graduated by 1882?
1712
In what year did graduates of the 3 universities make up for 1100 government appointment services?
1882
In 1882, out of the 3 universities, how many graduates accounted for appointments to the government service?
1100
In what year did the the graduates from the three universities account for 1100 of the appointment to government service?
1882
Between what years did Mary Carpenter visit India four times?
1866-75
Between 1866 to 1875, how many times did Mary Carpenter visits India?
Four times
Who visited India four time between 1866 to 1875?
Mary Carpenter
What did Mary Carpenter do during her four visits between 1866 to 1875?
Formed a section of British teachers for India
Girls school in Bombay and Ahmedabad
Set up National India Carpenter in 1870 in order to promote reforms in British India
Who:
Formed a section of British teachers for India
Girls school in Bombay and Ahmedabad
Set up National India Carpenter in 1870 in order to promote reforms in British India
Mary Carpenter four visits to India between 1866 to 1875
What exams could the Indians take?
Indian civil service exam
What was the limitation of the Indian civil service exams?
Strongly weighted towards English candidates,
How many Indians passed the civil service exam in 1863?
One (Satyendernath Tagore)
In what year did one Indian pass the Indian civil service exam?
1863
How many Indians passed the Indian civil service exam in 1871?
3
In what year did 3 Indians pass the Indian civil service exam?
1871
How many Indians worked in uncovenanted (lower status) civil service?
4,000
In what sector did 4,000 Indians work in?
Uncovenanted (lower status) civil service
By the 1870s how many Indian students were enrolled at an Anglophone secondary ‘schools of the higher order’?
200,000
In which schools were 200,000 students employed?
Anglophone secondary ‘schools of the higher order ’
What happened to Calcutta?
Acquired a substantial English-language publishing industry, capable of producing more than a thousand works of literature and science a year
What did the new elite penetrate?
Ranks of the Covenanter ICS itself
What was the name of the student who passed the civil service test in 1863?
Satyendernath Tagore
What was the overall rate of Indians in education?
Increase but remained low in terms of European standards
What percentage of the European population was in education in 1911?
8 to 18%
In 1911, what percentage of the Indian population was in education?
2%
What sentiment was the result of the mutiny?
Conservatism as a protection against the British ideas and influence
What type of Hinduism was revived?
Orthodox Hinduism revived
Who arrived to India to be at their husbands side?
Memsahibs (Married white or upper class women)
What did the British government cut grants to?
Christian mission schools
What happened to Christina mission schools?
Cut grants
What did Herbert Edwardes, Commissioner of Peshawar in the Punjab during the mutiny say?
The promises of religious toleration were ‘a most melancholy proof that we have greatly retrograded our principles’
Who said the promises of religious toleration were ‘a most melancholy proof that we have greatly retrograded our principles’
Herbert Edwardes, Commissioner of Peshawar in the Punjab
What did British personnel seem like to high ranking officers?
Believed that the policies had not changed therefore they resisted the new trends of the government
Who was a resister to the change the government implemented, that became Viceroy between 1864-69?
Sir John Lawrence
What did the British government declare in 1873?
No Indian judge could try an accused European
In what year did the British government say that no Indian could try an accused European
1873
What were drop-out ratio in terms of education?
Very high
What did the British introduce quinine?
Anti-malaria Prophylactic and carried out public programs of vaccination against smallpox often in the face of local resistance
What was the Anti-malaria Prophylactic that the British used and carried out public programs of vaccination against Smallpox regardless of local opposition?
Quinine
What was the British per capita gross domestic product?
Increased in real terms of 347%
What increased in real terms of 347%?
British per capita gross domestic product
What was the per capita gross domestic product increase for Indians in comparison for the British?
Indians were 14%, whilst the British were 347%
When was the railway line first opened?
1853
Within 50 years, how long was the railway line?
24,000 miles
How did the British attempt to deal with famines?
Building irrigation systems
Railway links to famine prone areas
Famine codes in most provinces
Before British rule, what was the Indian system of introducing immunity for small pox?
Variolation
What was Variolation
Indian form of introducing immunity for smallpox
By what factor did the British increase irrigated land?
By a factor of 8
Under the Mughal emperor, what percentage of the land was irrigated?
5%
In the first post independence census, what percentage of the population were illiterate?
80%
In the first post independence census, what was the life expectancy?
40
In what year was the iliteracy rate 80%
First year after independence
In what year was the life expectancy 40
First year after independence
How did the British view variolation?
Barbaric and banned it by introducing inoculation which made small pox an even larger problem
What was the increase in the average life expectancy for Indians between 1830 to 1905?
From 21 years to 32 years
Between what years did the average Indian life expectancy increase from 21 years to 32?
1820 to 1950
Between 1820 to 1950, by how many years did the British life expectancy increase by?
20 years
Between what years did the life expectancy of Brits increase by 20 years
1820 to 1950
