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Exam - M - Reproduction System (Megan and Rachel) > breast feeding > Flashcards

breast feeding Flashcards

1
Q

describe the kind of protein in breast milk

A

whey based

alpha lactalbumin is main protein

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2
Q

what benefit does alpha lactalbumin have

A

associated with destruction of over 40 kinds of cancer

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3
Q

what is the most common carbohydrate in breast milk

A

lactose is primary carbohydrate

provides 40% total calories

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4
Q

what is the role of fats in the breast milk

A

essential for brain development and fat soluble vitamin absorption
long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids support development of entire nervous system

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5
Q

what is the role of vitamins and minerals in breast milk

A

essential for wound healing, bone growth, strengthening immune system

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6
Q

what is the role of growth factors in breast milk

A

epidermal, insulin and transforming factors promote gut growth

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7
Q

what is the role of transfer factors in breast milk

A

enable effective absorption of nutrients in the milk

help with absorption of fats and vitamins

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8
Q

what is the role of lactoferrin

A

assists in absorption of iron

bacteriocidal

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9
Q

what is the role of stem cells in breast milk

A

help with growth and repair

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10
Q

what immunoglobulins are in breast milk

A

IgA
IgG
IgM
IgD

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11
Q

what is the role of IgA

A

provides protective coating on gut to protect from pathogens and enteroviruses

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12
Q

what is the role of leukocytes

A

destroy harmful bacteria

macrophages produce lysozyme which can destroy bacteria cell walls

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13
Q

what is the role of milk lipids

A

damage outer surface of some viruses

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14
Q

what is the role of IL-7

A

involved in immune system
stimulates antibody producing cells
linked to size of thymus

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15
Q

what is the role of cytokines

A

boost immune system

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16
Q

what is colostrum

A

the first milk produced by the mother

is more concentrated

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17
Q

what does colostrum contain

A

nutrients and protective factors

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18
Q

how does colostrum minimise jaundice

A

has laxative effect to help with passage of meconium

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19
Q

why does colostrum have less water in it

A

because the baby has immature kidneys and is already trying to process lots of ISF so excess water would be difficult to process

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20
Q

how does colostrum reduce the risk of necrotising enterocolitis

A

it has anti-inflammatory factors in it

helps cells and villi in the gut proliferate and reach gut maturity

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21
Q

what is the role of oligosaccharides in relation to the microbiome

A

oligosaccharides feed healthy gut bacteria and encourage cells in gut to produce an adhesive protein to seal the gaps between the cells in the gut wall

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22
Q

what happens to the number of lactobacilli bacteria in the mothers vagina during pregnancy and why

A

number increases in preparation for baby to pass through during birth
this exposes the baby to the mothers microbiome

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23
Q

what are the three things that help build up a good microbiome

A

vaginal delivery
skin to skin contact
breast feeding

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24
Q

what is epigenetics

A

additional information to DNA that can attach to, change and modify the gene
breast feeding can change the epigenome

25
Q

what is the GALT/BALT mechanism

A

gut/bronchus activated lymphatic tissue

when the mother passes on antibodies to current infections to the baby through breast milk

26
Q

what is formula

A

formula is modified cows milk with additional nutrients added
it does not have the live constituents of breast milk and is not as beneficial

27
Q

how should formula be used

A

first stage milks for the first year

can use cows milk after that - no need for follow ons

28
Q

what happens in lactogenesis 1

A

alveolar epithelial cells differentiate into lactocytes that secrete colostrum from 3-4 months of pregnancy

29
Q

what happens in lactogenesis 2

A

rise in prolactin and decrease in pregnancy hormones
onset of copius milk secretion
32-96hrs after birth

Milk comes regardless of whether women wants to breastfeed or not.

30
Q

what happens in lactogenesis 3

A

maintenence of milk production

31
Q

what hormones influence breast development in pregnancy

A

oestrogen

progesterone

32
Q

what hormones increase after birth

A

prolactin and oxytocin

33
Q

what causes an increase in prolactin levels

A

the baby touching/suckling the nipples

circadian rhythm - higher at night

34
Q

what does prolactin act on

A

receptors on lactocytes to activate them to produce milk

35
Q

what does oxytocin do in breast feeding

A

acts on muscle cells to release milk from lactocytes

36
Q

what causes an increase in oxytocin

A

if the baby is nearby levels will rise

37
Q

how does stress effect milk production

A

cortisol levels rise and compete with oxytocin

the cortisol tightens the muscle so the milk can’t be released

38
Q

what psychological effect does oxytocin have

A

‘love hormone’

oxytocin helps from the bond between mother and baby

39
Q

what is the role of FIL

A

feedback inhibitor of lactation
whey protein in the milk slows down synthesis of milk when the breasts are full/ineffective milk removal or long spacing between feeds

40
Q

what else reduces milk production

A

the pressure of the milk in the breast stretches the cells and means that it is harder for prolactin to attach

41
Q

when should a newborn baby wear a hat

A

only if there are problems thermo regulating

the head should be exposed - the mother smells it, skin to skin contact supporting early bonding

42
Q

what are the benefits of skin to skin contact

A 
triggers lactation 
regulates temperature, HR and breathing
helps form microbiome 
stimulates feeding 
reduces stress
43
Q

What are the risks to mother and baby of NOT breast feeding?

A

Babies:

  • gastroenteritis
  • respiratory infections
  • allergies
  • obesity
  • type 1 and 2 diabetes
  • Sudden infant death syndrome
  • Necrotising enterocolitis

Mother:

  • breast cancer
  • ovarian cancer
  • hip fractures
  • heart disease
44
Q

When using formula, when should the baby switch to cows milk?

A

After 1 year

45
Q

What hormone does lactogenesis 3 rely on?

A

Less reliant on prolactin like lactogenesis 2.
Feedback inhibitor of lactation (FIL).
When the breasts are full = high FIL, slows milk production.

Opposite when breasts are empty.

46
Q

Which hormones cause development of the ductal and alveolar system in pregnancy?

A
  • oestrogen
  • progesterone
  • human placental lactogen
47
Q

What is prolactin responsible for?

A

milk production

48
Q

What are the main features of prolactin?

A
  • higher levels at night

- respond to touch and stimulation

49
Q

When do prolactin levels return to normal if mother is not breast feeding?

A

7 days post partum

50
Q

What is oxytocin responsible for?

A

milk delivery - acts on the muscle cells in a pulsatile action.

51
Q

Which hormone can delay the delivery of milk by competing with oxytocin?

A

Cortisol
In stressful situations, it takes longer for the milk to be delivered.

(Adrenaline also causes tightening of the muscles so they’re not relaxed)

52
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

Affects milk delivery BUT DOES NOT affect milk production.

53
Q

What are the ‘mothering hormones’?

A

oxytocin and prolactin - allows the mother to fall in love and want to protect her baby.

54
Q

what is feedback inhibitor of lactation?

A

A whey protein found in the mothers milk.

55
Q

Where are oxytocin receptors found?

A

lots in:

  • mammary gland
  • uterus

Also in:

  • stomach
  • brain
  • kidneys
  • blood vessels
  • heart
56
Q

Which hormone does oxytocin help to reduce?

A

Cortisol

this lowers blood pressure and boosts the immune system.

57
Q

Why does colostrum not have much water?

A

Babies are born with increased interstitial fluid that the kidneys needs to remove, if there was excess water the kidneys couldn’t keep up.

58
Q

Why does the colostrum act as a laxative?

A

To clear the meconium (First stool)

Exam - M - Reproduction System (Megan and Rachel) (45 decks)

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