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Lieutenants exam > Brannigan's Building Construction for the Fire Service 5th edition > Flashcards

Brannigan's Building Construction for the Fire Service 5th edition Flashcards

1
Q

Number of firefighters killed in 2012 from collapse, falling through floors, running out of air, enveloped by explosion, or struck by falling debris

A

9

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2
Q

m’aider

A

Mayday

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3
Q

Considered a policing function

A

Inspection

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4
Q

Critical to clarify communication, enhance professionalism, ensure safety

A

Proper building construction terminology

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5
Q

Goes a step beyond the basic preplanning

A

Prefire analysis

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6
Q

Number one priority when considering the risks to any particular situation

A

Firefighter safety

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7
Q

Two main subjects that firefighters must throughly understand

A
  • Fire behavior

- Building construction

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8
Q

Greatest of all firefighter enemies

A

Gravity

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9
Q

The eternal enemy of every building

A

Gravity

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10
Q

Load may be a ___ load and a ___ load at the same time

A
  • Live load

- Impact load

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11
Q

KIP =

A

1000 lbs

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12
Q

Four types of forces

A
  • Compression
  • Tension
  • Torsion
  • Shear
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13
Q

Fire resistance is closely related to ___

A

Mass

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14
Q

Live loads are any load other than ___

A

Dead loads

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15
Q

___ loads can be accurately calculated where as ___ loads are indeterminate

A
  • Dead loads

- Live loads

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16
Q

Office floor must be able to sustain at least ___psf as well as have the ability to sustain a load of ___psf at a specific location for individual collected heavy objects

A
  • 50 psf

- 2,000 psf

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17
Q

Water weighs

A

8.34 lbs/g

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18
Q

Type of collapse that is a particular hazard in the construction of concrete frame building

A

Progressive colapse

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19
Q

Two types of modifications that use distance as a means to minimize the effects of a bomb exploded near the building

A
  • Locating building away from the street

- Placing bollards (posts) and barriers

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20
Q

Shear walls resist

A

Lateral loads

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21
Q

Two types of framing that resist lateral wind and earthquake loads

A
  • Braced frame

- Moment frame

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22
Q

Heavy riveting of girders to columns from top to bottom of the frame is called

A

Portal bracing

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23
Q

Type of floor that is designed to stiffen the building against wind and other lateral loads

A

Diaphragm floor

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24
Q

Externally braced buildings are known as ___, as contrasted with Core construction

A

Tube construction

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25
Q

An axial load is ___ to the plane

A

Perpendicular

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26
Q

A structure will sustain its greatest load when the load is

A

Axial

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27
Q

An eccentric load is ____ to the plane

A

Perpendicular but does not pass through the center of the section

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28
Q

Expressed as Q`

A

Heat release rate (HRR)

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29
Q

Information needed to asses the fire load in terms of pounds/sqft (3)

A
  • Weight of combustable material
  • Caloric value
  • Floor area
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30
Q

Btu

A

1 pound of water 1 degree F

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31
Q

Two estimates for caloric values are commonly used
Wood, paper =
Plastics/Combustable liquid =

A

Wood, paper = 8,000 Btu/lb

Plastics/Combustable liquid = 16,000 Btu/lb

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32
Q

Q` is usually expressed in terms of (3)

A
  • Watts (W)
  • Kilowatts (KW)
  • Megawatts (MW)
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33
Q

Safety factors:
Steel =
Masonry =

A 
Steel = 2
Masonry = 10
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34
Q

The oldest structural member

A

Beam

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35
Q

Load-carrying capacity of a beam is increased by

A

Square of it depth

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36
Q

Three types of beams

A
  • Simple
  • Continuous (supported at ≥ 3)
  • Fixed
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37
Q

A diagonal member that supports what would otherwise be a cantilever

A

Bracket

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38
Q

A beam that supports other beams

A

Girder

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39
Q

A beam that carries the load on the exterior of a framed building between the top of one window and the bottom of the window above

A

Spandrel Girder

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40
Q

A beam that spans the opening in a masonry wall

A

Lintel

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41
Q

A series of closely spaced beams

A

Grillage

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42
Q

Moves loads laterally when its not convenient to arrange columns one above the other

A

Transfer beams

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43
Q

Compressive connecting members of a truss

A

Struts

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44
Q

Connections in a truss are called

A

Panel points

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45
Q

Doubling the length of a beam decreases its carrying capacity by

A

Half

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46
Q

Columns loose strength by the square of the change in

A

Length

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47
Q

Most effective shape of a column

A

One that distributes the material equally around the axis as far as possible from the center of the cylinder

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48
Q

Types of columns (3)

A
  • Piers
  • Long slender
  • Intermediate
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49
Q

Known as Euler’s Law columns

A

Very long, thin columns

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50
Q

Formula for Euler’s Law

Pc = π2EI/L2

A 
Pc = Critical load
π = 3.1415 squared
E = Modulus of elasticity of material
I = Moment of inertia 
L2 = Length of column squared
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51
Q

Wind load is an example of this kind of force

A

Flexural force

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52
Q

Two divisions of walls

A
  • Load bearing

- Nonload bearing

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53
Q

Load bearing wall common to tow structures

A

Party wall

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54
Q

Ways in which walls are braced or stiffened (4)

A
  • Buttresses
  • Pilasters
  • Wall columns
  • Cavity or hollow walls
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55
Q

Arches can have this many hinges

A

3

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56
Q

Vital part of a structures gravity resistance system

A

Connections which transfer the load from one structural element to another

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57
Q

Two general types of connections

A
  • Pinned

- Rigid frame

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58
Q

Connections that redirect overloads to other sections of the building are known as

A

Plastic design

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59
Q

Steel hated to 1,000F elongates ___ inches per 100 feet of length

A

9.5 inches

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60
Q

Unprotected steel rods and cables fail at

A

800F

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61
Q

A residential structure will usually be designed for a floor load of about ___ to ___ psf

A

30 to 40 psf

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62
Q

Combines the function of a beam and a column

A

Arch

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63
Q

Defined as a line of columns in any direction

A

Bent

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64
Q

Fire that caused for a national push for model building codes

A

Great Baltimore Fire of 1904

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65
Q

Decides which materials will be used

A

Architect

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66
Q

Caissons are typically constructed of

A

Concrete

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67
Q

All building have 3 structural components

A
  • Superstructure
  • Substructure
  • Foundation
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68
Q

Crosslot bracing rakers and tiebacks

A

Used to protect against collapse of soil walls during excavation

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69
Q

Ammonia is explosive in concentrations of ___ to ___

A

15 to 25%

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70
Q

32/16 panel

A
  • Cover rafters at 32” apart

- Cover joists at 16” apart

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71
Q

Define:

  • Board
  • Dimensional lumber
  • Timber
A
  • Board = ≤ 2” thick
  • Dimensional lumber = 2-4” thick
  • Timber = ≥ 5” thick
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72
Q

Wet wood has ___ strength than dry wood

A

Less

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73
Q

When portland cement became available

A

1880

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74
Q

Cement is a component of

A

Concrete

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75
Q

One-fourth the weight of traditional concrete

A

Aerated autoclave concrete

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76
Q

Carbon contant:

  • Wrought iron
  • Cast iron
A
  • Wrought iron = 0.2%

- Cast iron = 3-4% (very brittle)

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77
Q

Structural steel fails at about

A

1,000 to 1,100F

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78
Q

First sign of serious fire in a closed structure

A

Violent pressure failure of the windows

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79
Q

Resistance to tensile loads is directly related to the ___ makeup of a material

A

Cross-section

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80
Q

Three negative characteristics of structural steel

A
  • Conducts heat
  • Elongates
  • Fails at about 1,000 to 1,100 F
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81
Q

The insurance industry took the lead and prepared this in 1906

A

National Building Code

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82
Q

NFPA organized in

A

1896

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83
Q

Fire codes and building codes are updated every

A

3 years

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84
Q

Two of the most important test standards

A
  • ASTM E-119

- ASTM E-84

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85
Q

___% of a building codes deals with fire safety

A

75%

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86
Q

Building construction Type 1A is fire resistive construction with a ___ hour fire rated structural frame

A

3 hour

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87
Q

NFPA 5000 uses an additional three-digit numbering scheme to designate the subcategories of each type of construction

  • 1st number
  • 2nd number
  • 3rd number
A
  • 1st number = Load bearing walls
  • 2nd number = Beams and columns
  • 3rd number = Floor construction
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88
Q

Three components of a means of egress

A
  • Exit access
  • Exit
  • Exit discharge
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89
Q

Fire rating for corridors leading to a public way

A

1 hour

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90
Q

Generally a max travel distance of ___ ft to get to a fire rated stairway or exit

A

200’

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91
Q

In Group R occupancies windows must be a min of ___ sq ft with a min of ___ in. in width and ___ in, in height

A
  • 5.7 sq ft
  • 20 inches wide
  • 24 inches high
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92
Q

Two types of elevators

A
  • Electric cable

- Hydraulic piston

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93
Q

Occupant evacuation elevators are intended for the self-evacuation of occupants in building more than ___ ft in height

A

420 feet

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94
Q

Fire service elevators are found in new buildings taller than ___ ft and have a minimum lobby area of ___ sq ft

A
  • 120’

- 150 sq ft

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95
Q

Horizontal exits have fire rated walls that are typically rated at ___ hrs

A

2 hours

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96
Q

Four essential elements of fire

A
  • Fuel
  • Oxidizing agent
  • Heat
  • Uninhibited chemical chain reaction
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97
Q

Four stages of fire

A
  1. Incipient
  2. Free burning
  3. Flashover
  4. Smoldering/decay
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98
Q

Primary factor influencing a fire

A

Oxygen supply

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99
Q

Construction factors influencing fire behavior (5)

A
  • Combustible interior finishes
  • Vertical openings
  • Height of the room
  • Proximity of wall to each other
  • HVAC system
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100
Q

Aluminum will melt at around

A

1,200F

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101
Q

Fire growth contents problem can rest from any of the following elements (3)

A
  • Furnishings
  • Interior finish/decorations
  • Mercantile stock
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102
Q

Commonly used as insulating sheathing on wood-framed building or as soundproofing

A

Fiberboard

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103
Q

Three way in which interior finishings may increase the fire hazard

A
  • Increase fire extension by surface flame spread
  • May generate smoke and toxic gases
  • May add fuel to the fire contributing to flashover
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104
Q

Key factor in a five alarm fire in the Empire State Building

A

Cork paneling

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105
Q

Robertson protected metal

A

Asphalt-coated steel

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106
Q

A defective ballast in fluorescent light fixture can reach temps of

A

1,500F

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107
Q

Often provides the first warning of most fires

A

Smoke

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108
Q

HCN

A

Hydrogen Cyanide

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109
Q

HCN is believed to be as great a danger as

A

CO

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110
Q

Exposure in which the concentration (ppm) x minutes exposed = 33,000 is likely to be dangerous

A

Harber’s rule

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111
Q

Most common toxic fire gas

A

CO

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112
Q

Research at NIST has pointed out that CO can be generated up to ___ times as much in enclosed voids as in the open

A

50 times as much

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113
Q

Most expensive by-product of fire suppression

A

Water

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114
Q

From a historical perspective ___ has always been a primary objective

A

Fire containment

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115
Q

Limiting fire spread from building to building is accomplished through several means (5)

A
  • Restrictions on area/height
  • Limits on the combustibility of roofs and exterior wall surfaces
  • Minimum separation distances between buildings
  • Limits on openings in exterior walls
  • Fire-resistive exterior walls
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116
Q

A primary concern in fire protection

A

Life safety

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117
Q

Most important elements of life safety (2)

A
  • Proper means of egress

- Protection against hazards

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118
Q

Generally accepted indications of imminent collapse (4)

A
  • Floors/roofs softening
  • Water flowing through bricks
  • Smoke pushing out through mortar
  • Strange noises
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119
Q

What fire resistance does not provide (3)

A
  • Life safety
  • Smoke control
  • Protection of dollar loss
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120
Q

Standard time-temp curve is unchanged for more than ___ years

A

80 years

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121
Q

Time-temp curve:

  • 5 min
  • 1 hr
  • 4 hr
A
  • 5 min = 1000F
  • 1 hr = 1700F
  • 4 hr = 2000F
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122
Q

Flame spread over reinforced concrete board

A

0

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123
Q

Flame spread is classified as:

  • Class A =
  • Class B =
  • Class C =
A
  • Class A = 0 - 25
  • Class B = 26 - 75
  • Class C = 76 - 200
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124
Q

Materials with a smoke-developed rating ___ can be expected to generate substantial amounts of smoke

A

≥ 300

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125
Q

Critical Radiant Flux Test measures

A
  • A materials ability to resist flame spread

- The higher the CRF number the less flammable

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126
Q

2 classes of interior floor finish ratings
Class I =
Class II =

A
  • Class I = CFR minimum ≥0.45 watt/sq cm

- Class II = CFR minimum ≥0.22 watt/sq cm

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127
Q

Developed to monitor vibrations in a structure that might be a precursor to collapse

A

HOBS, Health of Burning Structures

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128
Q

In a simulated basement fire an exposed wooden I-beam collapsed in ___min

A

6:03 minutes

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129
Q

Fire resistive assemblies (3)

A
  1. Fire walls (2-4 hr)
  2. Fire partitions (1 hr)
  3. Fire barrier (1-2 hr)
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130
Q

Fire door ratings range

A

20 min - 3 hr

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131
Q

One of the most important aspects of a fire door

A

Its ability to close and latch closed

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132
Q

Fire doors close by 3 methods

A
  • Swinging (most common)
  • Sliding
  • Rolling
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133
Q

Two types of fire door closure devices

A
  • Self-closing

- Automatic

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134
Q

Inspections of fire doors should include the following (6)

A
  • Operating fire door and shutters
  • Raising the counterweight to ensure door closes
  • Inspecting doors for damage
  • Inspecting all hardware
  • Checking the fusible link
  • Checking the proper operation of “door coordinators”
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135
Q

4 major classes of sprinkler systems

A
  • Wet pipe
  • Dry pipe
  • Preaction
  • Deluge
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136
Q

Sprinkler systems are ___ designed

A

Hydraulically

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137
Q

NFPA has developed a set of occupancy classifications (5)

A
  • Light hazard
  • Ordinary hazard group 1
  • Ordinary hazard group 2
  • High hazard group 1
  • High hazard group 2
138
Q

There are ___ incentives (reductions in requirements) in the IBC

139
Q

Tax or insurance incentives (4)

A
  • Elimination of value of sprinkler system from assessed valuation
  • Property tax rebates
  • Elimination of water dept fees
  • Insurance premiums reductions
140
Q

After this fire the law was changed to require all factories more than 6 stories in height be sprinklered

A

Triangle Shirtwaist fire, 1911

141
Q

___% of recent library fires are due to arson

142
Q

Sprinkler systems should be backed up by FD …

A

As soon as possible

143
Q

Sprinklers should not be shut off as long as..

A

Hot water is falling down

144
Q

Fire department education on the impairment of sprinkler systems should include training on the following (4)

A
  • Basic knowledge of sprinkler protection
  • Why sprinklers are installed
  • Department policy on procedure and practices involving sprinkler systems
  • Detailed knowledge of situations that decrease or destroy the efficiency of sprinklers
145
Q

Fundamental purpose of a sprinkler system

A

Hit the incipient fire with enough water to control it

146
Q

Outside valves are most often

A

Post indicating valves

147
Q

B L E V E

A 
Boiling
Liquid
Expanding
Vapor
Explosion
148
Q

ESFR (3)

A
  • Early suppression, fast response
  • As much as 100 fpm per sprinkler
  • 3/4” orifice
149
Q

A single sprinkler riser can cover

A
  • 52,000 sq ft

- 40,000 for high piled stock

150
Q

Class I & II standpipes are capable of providing ___gpm at ___ psi at each hose valve

A
  • 250 gpm

- 100 psi

151
Q

Class II standpipe capable of supplying ___gpm at ___psi

A
  • 100 gpm

- 65 psi

152
Q

Types of standpipes (4)

A
  • Automatic wet
  • Semiautomatic dry
  • Manual dry
  • Manual wet
153
Q

High rises must be fought with ___ in hose lines with ___ nozzles

A
  • 2 1/2” hose lines

- Smoothbore nozzles

154
Q

Standpipe preplanning considerations (5)

A
  • Sketch the system
  • Type of water supply
  • Types of hose valves
  • FDC and areas it serves
  • Connection to the fire alarm system
155
Q

Firefighting considerations for operating a standpipe system (5)

A
  • Supply the FDC
  • Verify that the main control valve is open
  • Note the pressure on the main riser gauge
  • Ensure the pump is working
  • Be wary of dry standpipe systems
156
Q

Types of indicating devices (5)

A
  • Strobes
  • Hornes
  • Chimes, buzzers, sirens
  • Speakers
  • Lamps
157
Q

Water flow switches are more reliable indicators of the actual location of a fire than …

A

Smoke detectors

158
Q

Estimated time between alarm and start of extinguishment in a high rise

159
Q

Categories of smoke management systems (4)

A
  • Smoke control
  • Purge
  • Zoned smoke control
  • Air flow
160
Q

Heavy timber smallest dimension

161
Q

6 types of wood frame buildings

A
  • Log cabin
  • Post and frame (England, Germany)
  • Balloon frame
  • Platform frame
  • Plank and beam
  • Truss frame
162
Q

Balloon frame was built prior to

163
Q

Max number of stories for platform frame construction

164
Q

Empire state building weighs ___ lbs/ft3; Modern high rises weigh ___ lbs/ft3

A
  • 23 lbs/ft3

- 8 lbs/ft3

165
Q

As important to the fire service as collapse

A

Hidden fires

166
Q

Flammability range of CO and its ignition temp

A
  • 12.5% - 74%

- 1,128F

167
Q

Considered most dangerous of all structural members

A
  • Wooden I-Joists

- Lightweight wood truss

168
Q

Firestops

Draftstops

A 
Firestops = Vertical stop, 2"
Draftstop = Horizontal stop, 1/2" gypsum
169
Q

UL subjects pressure treated wood to a test for ___ min rather then the usual 10 min

A

30 minutes

170
Q

Swell up when heated

A

Intumescent coatings

171
Q

Usually the final even in any structure fire

172
Q

The only fire protection measure that can reasonably be expected to prevent a disaster in a heavy timber building

A

Full fire sprinkler protection

173
Q

Chief common characteristic of ordinary construction

A

Exterior walls are made of masonry

174
Q

Simple wood beam floor is satisfactory for buildings up to a practical limit of about …

A

25’ in width

175
Q

Tallest old-style masonry bearing wall building

A

Monadnock Building. Chicago. 15 stories high

176
Q

In recent years, high rise brick buildings with no wall thicker than ___ in. and mid rise building with no wall thicker than ___in.

A
  • 12 in

- 8 in

177
Q

Problems of ordinary construction (4)

A
  • Structural stability
  • Stability of the interior column, girder, beam
  • Void spaces
  • Masonry as a barrier to fire extention
178
Q

Colapse zone

A

1.5 times the height

179
Q

A horizontal crack in a masonry wall may indicate

A

The wall is being pushed out by a steel roof beam that is elongating in summer heat

180
Q

Ways to stabilize a wall (3)

A
  • Buttress (outside the wall)
  • Pilasters (in the wall)
  • Wall column (within the wall)
181
Q

The effective strength of wood under fire attack is determined by

A

The size of its thinest portion

182
Q

Beam to beam connections (4)

A
  • Mortis and tenon joints
  • Notched beam
  • Metal joist hangers
  • Heavy steal or wright iron straps
183
Q

Primary and secondary purpose of a roof

A 
Primary = Keep out the wether and enclose
Secondary = Stabilize the structure
184
Q

Roof types (7)

A
  • Flat
  • Gable
  • Hip
  • Gambrel
  • Shed
  • Mansard
  • Dome
185
Q

Best roof is one in which the roof beams rest on

186
Q

Important void spaces in any multistory, wood joisted building

A

The joist spaces

187
Q

Masonry buildings with spans greater than ___ ft must have interior bering walls

188
Q

Known as brick and wood-joisted constructed

A

Ordinary construction

189
Q

Indications of building failure (5)

A
  • Smoke/water flowing through walls
  • Soft floors
  • Small partial collapse
  • Walls out of plumb
  • Time since arrival
190
Q

Noncumbustable building have a maximum building height of

A

12 stories

191
Q

Most important metal used n building construction

192
Q

Steels modulus of elasticity

A

29 million lb/sq in.

193
Q

Steels compressive strength = tension strength and its shear strength is

A

three-quarters of its tensile strength

194
Q

Fire resistance is a function of

195
Q

Characteristics of steel (4)

A
  • Substantial elongation takes place at 1000F
  • At 1300F steel members may completely fail
  • Cold-drawn steel will fail at 800F
  • Transmits heat readily
196
Q

From most critical to least critical the following is how heat evolved by fire can be triaged (3)

A
  • Heat being absorbed by contents or structural elements that will be ignited or cause to fail (heat removal is critical)
  • Heat being evolved by contents that are burning
  • Heat leaving the strucure
197
Q

Steel bar

A

A plate fewer than 6” in width, may also be square or round

198
Q

Wide flamed beams that have been cut in a zigzag pattern

A

Castellated beams

199
Q

Lally column

A

Circular steel column made fire resistive by filling it with concrete

200
Q

“WF”

A

Wide flange

201
Q

Abbreviations used for different-snapped steel members

  • C
  • CB
  • L
  • S
  • W
  • WT
A
  • C = Channels
  • CB = Castellated Beam
  • L = Angles
  • S = American Standard (I-beam)
  • W = Wide flange beams and columns
  • WT = Structural tees
202
Q

Abbreviations are used along with a set of numbers on architectural blueprints

  • First number
  • Second number
A
  • First number = Depth of the member in inches

- Second number = Weight of the member per foot of length in pounds

203
Q

Rigid frames can provide clear spans of about ___ ft

204
Q

Common wall materials of steel framed buildings (8)

A
  • Cement asbestos board
  • Glass fiber reinforced plastics
  • Aluminum
  • Precast prestressed concrete panels
  • Masonry
  • Galvanized steel
  • Metal panels
  • Light gauge steel
205
Q

In a pinned building loads are carried to the nearest

206
Q

Self storage facilities have many of the same characteristics of

207
Q

Steel will expand ___% to ___% in length fro each 100F rise in temp

A

0.06% to 0.07%

208
Q

Joists will generally fail in about ___ min

209
Q

7 options to the designer to deal with steels characteristics as they relate to fire risk

A
  • Ignore the problem
  • Rely on inadequate code enforcement
  • Take a calculated risk
  • Protect (insulate) the steel
  • Protect the steel with sprinklers
  • Protect the steal with internal water cooling system
  • Locate the steel out of the range of fire
210
Q

Building codes generally classify steel buildings into two categories

A
  • Unprotected noncombustible
  • Protected noncombustible

Protected refers to physically protected steel

211
Q

3 classes of calculated risks

A
  • Financial/economic
  • Engineering
  • Forget it
212
Q

Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM

A

Rubber roof

213
Q

Accepted term for a roofing that meets a testing lab standards

A

Approved roof

214
Q

Heat and time required to start a self sustaining roof fire on a metal deck roof

A

800F for 5 min

215
Q

Prefire planning for steel structures must begin with a determination of

A

The type of protection provided for the steel

216
Q

Steel structures can be divided into four types

A
  • Unprotected
  • Dynamically protected
  • Passively protected
  • Passive dynamic combo protection
217
Q

Water flow requirement for spray systems designed to protect tanks and steel supports from flammable liquid spill fires

A

0.25 gpm/sq ft

218
Q

Secondary objective of preplanning for any major hazard

A

Reduce the severity of the hazard

219
Q

Radiant energy is proportional to

A

The fourth power of the absolute temp

220
Q

Concrete required to reach design strength in 28 days is sometimes referred to as

A

28-day concrete

221
Q

Problems fire departments face regarding concrete construction (3)

A
  • Collapse during construction without fire
  • Fire during construction
  • Fire in completed, occupied buildings
222
Q

2 basic types of in-concrete construction

A
  • Cast-in-place concrete

- Precast concrete

223
Q

A structure above the roofline

224
Q

The floor plate itself rests directly on the columns

A

Flat plate structural system (or continuous beam)

225
Q

Installed near the surface of concrete, usually at flat angles

A

Temperature rods

226
Q

Ties or hoops

A

Lateral reinforcements that join rods in a column

227
Q

Steel has ___ times the compressive strength as concrete

228
Q

Advantage of post tensioning

A

Floors can be thiner

229
Q

Economic height limit of an ordinary brick bearing wall building

A

6 stories but as tall as 20 stories with no wall thicker than 12”

230
Q

With formwork the builder hopes to contain a fluid load that can provide a head pressure of up to ___ lb/ft2 for each foot of height

A

150 lb/ft2

231
Q

Concrete poured at 50F will develop ___ more pressure than at 70F

232
Q

Planks on which the shores rest are called

233
Q

Most common and most dangerous heating method around a building under construction

A

Liquified petroleum gas LPG

234
Q

Hanging tendons fail at about

235
Q

Fireproofing of steel is classified as (2)

A
  • Individual

- Membrane

236
Q

The most permeant fireproofing

237
Q

Fire protection advantage of concrete

A

Lacks inherent voids

238
Q

Concrete in fire resistive construction serves tow purposes

A
  • Resists compressive stresses

- protects the tensile strength of steel from fire

239
Q

Anticipate collapse based on conditions such as (4)

A
  • Knowledge of problematic existing building conditions
  • Dangerous loads
  • Cutting tensioned cables
  • Heavy fire conditions over an extended period of time
240
Q

Objectives f the LEED program (6)

A
  • Lower operating costs and increase asset value
  • Reduce waste sent to landfills
  • Conserve energy and water
  • Be healthier and safer for occupants
  • Reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions
  • Qualify for ax rebates, zoning allowances
241
Q

Green systems and materials fall into four general categories

A
  • Eco-friendly materials
  • Energy conservation
  • Water conservation
  • Energy generation
242
Q

Eco friendly materials (6)

A
  • Bamboo
  • Adobe
  • Straw bale
  • Cob
  • Biopolymers
  • Ammonia
243
Q

Ammonia will burn in concentrations as low as

244
Q

Energy conservation measures (5)

A
  • Polystyrene insulation
  • Polyurethane insulation
  • Radiant barrier
  • Glass
  • Green roof
245
Q

Problems associated with PV roof panels (4)

A
  • Electrical shock
  • Dead load
  • Release of hazardous material from fire
  • Batteries
246
Q

Two general types of solar water heating systems

A
  • Active

- Passive

247
Q

Called “Stud-less” wall assemblies

A

Structural insulated panels (SIP)

248
Q

Codes are written and issued every

249
Q

Tenants should be advised to help themselves in four basic ways

A
  • Be fully insured
  • Keep property of unique value in a bank vault
  • Call FD immediately
  • In a fire evacuate immediately
250
Q

Natural gas meters in an apartment complex are located

A

In one basement location

251
Q

Best way to establish the amount of water available at an apartment

A

Have the owner conduct a flow test

252
Q

Fire rating of a wood-stud and floor beams combined with gypsum

A

1 hour or greater rating

253
Q

Four principal deficiencies in the installation of gypsum board

A
  • Nail heads are often not properly cemented over
  • Joints not properly taped
  • Deviations from the listing are permuted
  • Nothing added for extra margins of safety
254
Q

Automatic sprinklers that protect occupied spaces will most likely only extinguish

A

Contents fires

255
Q

NFPA 13R is required to have a FDC of this size

256
Q

Tenements got their start in

257
Q

Safety changes to tenements (3)

A
  • Better enclosures of stairwells
  • More substantial apartment doors
  • Exterior fire escapes
258
Q

In the past codes consider atria to be openings that connect ___ floors and were a minimum of ___ ft on each side

A
  • 3 floors

- 20 ft

259
Q

Current codes consider atria to be openings that connect a minimum of ___ floors without a minimum size requirement

260
Q

Most dangerous time for a place of worship in terms of fire vulnerability is

A

During renovations

261
Q

Fire protection in malls include (5)

A
  • Complete sprinkler protection
  • Smoke control system
  • Standpipe system
  • Emergency voice communication system
  • Standby power
262
Q

Class I standpipe system located in the following places in a mall (3)

A
  • At the entrance to each corridor and exit passageway
  • At each floor level in stairwell
  • At exterior public entrances
263
Q

Key to safe firefighting operations in a factory is to first understand (3)

A
  • What is made
  • How its made
  • How the structure has been designed/altered to meet the manufacturing needs
264
Q

Ignites in air without the introduction of an ignition source

A

Pyrophoric gas

265
Q

Principal life safety question in any building

A

How long it takes occupants to reach a safe environment

266
Q

Era of Fire resistive building
- No standards for protecting steel
- Cast-iron columns often unprotected
- Terra-cotta fireproofing was compromised by concealed lightweight conduit
- Segmental brick or tile arch floors
_ wooden floor beams were placed on piers creating a void under the floor

A

1870 - 1930

267
Q

Era of fire resistive building

- Were excellent building

A

1930 - 1940

268
Q

Helped to remove limits to floor areas

A
  • Fluorescent lights

- Air conditioning

269
Q

In a modern office building possibly ___% or more of the floor volume is located in the ceiling void

270
Q

Since the ___, fire codes have required fire command centers in all new high-rises

271
Q

Common problems and hazards with High rises (5)

A
  • Exits
  • Occupancy
  • Accommodation or access stairs
  • Forcible entry
  • Elevators
272
Q

Landing zone of an elevator

A

18” above or below the floor landing

273
Q

The principal smoke moving mechanism

A

Thermal energy of fire

274
Q

Atmospheric temperature is constantly ___ as height increases

A

Degreasing

275
Q

Wind blowing against a building seem to split ___ of the way up the building

A

Two-thirds

276
Q

Moder high rises weigh about __ or ___ lb/ft3

A

8 or 9 lb/ft3

277
Q

Stack is most significant in ___ climates

278
Q

In the summertime the stack affect is reversed and often called

A

Reverse stack affect (the flow is downward)

279
Q

Breakable tempered glass windows are typically spaced on ___ ft centers

280
Q

Considered the core of fire safety for occupants of high rises

A

Sprinklers

281
Q

Five occupancy classifications of detention facilities

  • Use Condition 1
  • Use Condition 2
  • Use Condition 3
  • Use Condition 4
  • Use Condition 5
A
  • Use Condition 1 = Free movement within building from smoke compartment to smoke compartment and to exterior
  • Use Condition 2 = Free movement within building from smoke compartment to smoke compartment
  • Use Condition 3 = Free movement within building within a smoke compartment
  • Use Condition 4 = Free movement is permuted within an occupied space within a smoke compartment
  • Use Condition 5 = Free movement is restricted from the occupied space
282
Q

The original high stack storage building

283
Q

1942 Cocoanut Grove fire

A

Killed 492

284
Q

In schools corridor widths are much larger than normal

A

6 ft in most cases

285
Q

Single-family homes

  • Roof rafters as small as 2x4 or 2x6, no ridge beam
  • 1 1/2 storied home with steep pitched roof
  • Open interiors, large attics, extended overhangs
  • Three floors joined by short run stairways
  • Catchall for many styles from the mid to late 1800’s
A
  • California bungalow
  • Cape Cod
  • Ranch
  • Split level
  • Victorian
286
Q

Taxpayers typically have the following characteristics (5)

A
  • Ordinary (type III) construction
  • One story
  • Full or partial basements
  • Limited to 6-10 small stores
  • Common cockloft
287
Q

Fire rating requirements for walls separating occupancies in a strip mall

A

1, 2, 3, or 4 hour rating

288
Q

Fire rating requirements for similar occupancies in a strip mall

A

No rated separation required

289
Q

Area separation wall, aka

290
Q

Draft stops are required in Strip mall attics to limit their size to ___ sq ft and floor void spaces to ___ sq ft

A
  • 2000 sq ft

- 1000 sq ft

291
Q

Codes require automatic sprinklers for retail sales room larger than ___ sq ft

A

12,000 sq ft

292
Q

New night clubs with occupant loads over ___ or over ___ sq ft are sprinklered

A
  • 100

- 5000 sq ft

293
Q

Fire protection requirements for stages (7)

A
  • Fire resistant proscenium curtain
  • Flame resistant scenery
  • Heat vents over stage
  • 2 hour rated separation between stage and appurtenant
  • Sprinklered over stage and accessory rooms
  • Special stage exit
  • Class III standpipe w/ 1.5” hose and nozzle
294
Q

Codes define underground buildings as

A

30 ft below level of exit discharge

295
Q

Code calls for underground buildings to be provided with (7)

A
  • Automatic sprinklers
  • Standpipe
  • Emergency power
  • Fire alarm system
  • Public address system
  • Smoke management system
  • Smokeproof enclosure
296
Q

Most common underground buildings

A

Rail transit stations

297
Q

Principal contributing factors to serious warehouse fires (8)

A
  • Huge concentrations of fuel
  • Tremendous dollar values
  • Few employees per unit of area
  • Failure to segregate extra hazardous materials
  • Failure to raise the bottom layer of stock above the floor
  • Vulnerability to arson
  • Failure of management to give serious attention to potential fire problem
  • Inadequate fire protection
298
Q

FDCs are required by NFPA 13 except for systems with ___ or fewer sprinklers

299
Q

As many as ___% of fire doors in supposedly well protected properties have been found to be inoperable

300
Q

Most dependable fire barrier in a warehouse

A

Solid masonry wall parapeted through the roof

301
Q

First critical need in the initial planning and plan review stage of a warehouse

A

To establish what is being stored

302
Q

Codes call for firefighter access doors every ___ ft in high piled stock warehouse

303
Q

Width of garment cutting tables are permuted to be

304
Q

Ship’s ladder

A

Vertical stairs not more that 24” wide

305
Q

Firefighter greatest killer

A

Heart attack

306
Q

Essential element in maintaining situational awareness

A

Communication

307
Q

General visual indicators fo collapse (5)

A
  • Cracks in walls
  • Leaning walls
  • Pitched or sagging floor
  • Racked doorways
  • The presence of building stabilization and bracing features
308
Q

Audible and physical indicators of collapse (7)

A
  • Moaning/groaning sounds
  • Cracking noises
  • Any type of movement
  • Movement/shifting of water on floor
  • Smoke pushing through cracks in wall
  • Vibrations
  • Lack of water runoff
309
Q

Environmental precipitators of collapse (4)

A
  • Heavy snow or rain load on roof
  • Heavy wind conditions
  • Earthquake
  • Impact load
310
Q

Occupancy precipitators of collapse (3)

A
  • Overloading of floors/roof
  • Concentrated loads
  • Waterlogged goods
311
Q

Existing structural instability precipitators of collapse (6)

A
  • Structural compromises of load bearing members during renovations
  • Previous fire damage
  • Rotting or corrosion of structural members
  • Compromised/broken structural elements
  • Eccentrically loaded columns
  • Buildings under renovation/construction and buildings being moved
312
Q

Fire and explosion damage precipitators of collapse (3)

A
  • Sustained to moderate fire conditions
  • Explosion
  • Loss of wood structural mass (beams) due to fire attack
313
Q

Lightweight construction precipitators of collapse (2)

the greatest collapse danger to firefighters

A
  • Unprotected bare steel members to fire

- Wooden I-beams and lightweight wood trusses subjected to fire

314
Q

Type of collapse:

Complete failure of the building

A

Global collapse

315
Q

Type of collapse:

Collapse of a portion of a building

A

Partial collapse

316
Q

Type of collapse:

Loss of localized load-varying capability, initiating a chain reaction of subsequent failure

A

Progressive collapse

317
Q

Type of collapse:

Additional collapse after the initial collapse

A

Secondary collapse

318
Q

Type of collapse:
Each floor (roof) laying flat on the one below
- Voids less prevalent

A

Pancake collapse

319
Q

Type of collapse:
One end of the floor is still supported
- Triangle void space

A

Lean-to-floor collapse

320
Q

Type of collapse:
Floor fails near its center with perimeter still partially supported
- 2 voids

A

V-shaped collapse

321
Q

Type of collapse:

End of the floor is still supported while the other end is unsupported

A

Cantilever collapse

322
Q

Type of collapse:
One end of the collapsed floor is supported by an interior wall
- 2 voids

A

A-frame floor collapse (tent collapse)

323
Q

Type of collapse:
Exterior wall fails horizontally, interior wall folding horizontally, top portion of building falls inward, bottom half falls outward
- Braced frame building particularly susceptible to this type of collapse

A

Inward outward collapse

324
Q

Type of collapse:

Entire wall falls as one unit

A

90-degree wall collapse

325
Q

Type of collapse:
Leaning into adjacent buildings or totally collapsing sideways
-Usually limited to wood frame structures

A

Lean over collapse

326
Q

Type of collapse:

Wall falls like a curtain

A

Curtain wall collapse

327
Q

Firefighters must remain at least ___ height of the wall away

A

Full height of the wall

328
Q

Minimum level of competence that all firefighters should have when dealing with a building collapse (2)

A
  • NFPA 1670

- NFPA 1006

329
Q

The load carrying capacity of a beam increases by …

A

The square of it’s depth

330
Q

A beam that spans an opening in a masonry wall

331
Q

The shape of a material affects its ability to resist…

A

A compressive load or a defective load

332
Q

Not a consideration in tensile strength

333
Q

Sprinkler system where all sprinklers discharge at once

334
Q

At the floor line of a balloon frame building, the horizontal board that is nailed to the studs is called

A

Ribbon board

335
Q

Eliminating the ___ intermediate fire load greatly reduces the potential for ignition of the roof

A

Intermediate fire load

336
Q

The effective strength of the wood under fire attack is determined by the size of ____ and not the ___ of the member as a whole

A
  • the thinnest portion

- the mass

337
Q

Steel structural components that have a U-shaped cross section

338
Q

Typically thick concrete pads, blocks, or strips of concrete below the surface of the surrounding soil that transfer the loads of walls, piers, or columns to the ground

339
Q

The only construction material that does not yield heat when burned in pure oxygen

340
Q

Term used to describe the movement of air inside a building due to the difference in temperature between the air inside the building and outside the building

A

Stack effect

Lieutenants exam (7 decks)

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