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Anatomy Lab > Brain > Flashcards

Brain Flashcards

0
Q

What does each cranial nerve do primarily? (Sensory, motor, or both)

Some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more

A 
Olfactory (CNI): sensory 
Optic (CNII): sensory
Occulomotor (CNIII): motor
Trochlear (CNIV): motor
Trigeminal (CNV): both
Abducent (CNVI): motor
Facial (CNVII): both
Vestibulocochlear (CNVIII): sensory
Glossopharyngeal (CNIX): both 
Vagus (CNX): both
Spinal accessory (CNXI): motor
Hypoglossal (CNXII): motor
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1
Q

List the cranial nerves by number

Oh oh oh to touch and feel very good velvet, such heaven

A 
CNI: olfactory
CNII: optic
CNIII: oculomotor
CNIV: trochlear
CNV: trigeminal
CNVI: abducens
CNVII: facial
CNVIII: vestibulocochlear
CNIX: glossopharyngeal 
CNX: vagus
CNXI: spinal accessory
CNXII: hypoglossal
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2
Q

List sinuses where CSF a travels from arachnoid granulations to the internal jugular vein

A

Superior (saggital) dural sinuses

Transverse sinus or superior/inferior petrosal sinus

Cavernous sinus

Sphenoparietal sinus

Sigmoid sinus

Internal jugular vein

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3
Q

What separates the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Right and left hemispheres separated by longitudinal cerebral fissure

Also falx cerebri, part of dura mater that extends into the longitudinal fissure

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4
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

Central sulcus (in the coronal plane)

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5
Q

What separates the parietal and temporal lobes?

A

Lateral sulcus (transverse plane)

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6
Q

What separates the parietal and occipital lobes?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus (on medial surface of cerebrum)

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7
Q

Sulcus, gyri, and fissures: which is very conserved?

A

Sulcus: grooves (variable)
Gyri: folds (variable)
Fissures/clefts: predictable and conserved

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8
Q

What structures of the brain compose the diencephalon?

A

Central core of the brain: epithalamus, dorsal thalamus, hypothalamus

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9
Q

What separates parts of the cerebellum?

A

Tentorium cerebelli = separates cerebellum from cerebrum

Vermis = lies between the two cerebellar hemisphere

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10
Q

What structures form the brain stem?

A

Midbrain (most superior part)

Pons (between midbrain and medulla oblongata), associated with CNV (trigeminal)

Medulla oblogata (most caudal) and continuos with spinal cord

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11
Q

Where is CNI located and what is its modality?

A

Special sensory: SVA (visceral afferent bc smell is through a mucous membrane in the nose)

Nerve cells are in the cribiform plate of ethmoid
Olfactory nerves (cell bodies in olfactory epithelium) project superiorly to the olfactory bulb
Bulb is connected to olfactory tract

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12
Q

Describe the flow of CSF through the ventricles in the brains

A

Choroid plexus (vascular pia mater) produces about 0.5L/day CSF in the lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

Lateral ventricle through interventricular foramen to the 3rd ventricle

3rd ventricle through cerebral aqueduct to the 4th ventricle

4th ventricle continues to central canal

4th ventricle median and lateral apertures allow CSF out to cisterna magna (around the brain)

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13
Q

How does CNII send visual stimuli to be processed in the brain?

A

SSA: special somatic afferent (sensory but NOT through mucous membrane)

Optic disc is where the retinal ganglia cells form nerves that exit eye (no rods or cones here = blind spot)

Nasal fibers and temporal fibers converge at optic chiasm, the decussation/crossing of nerve fibers through optic tract allows binocular vision

Relay to lateral geniculate of thalamus

Processed in visual cortex of occipital lobe

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14
Q

What does CNIII innervate and what is the modality?

A

GSE bc the muscles are voluntary, also GVE
For 5 out of 7 skeletal muscles of the eye

  • levator palpebrae superioris (elevates eyelid)
  • superior rectus (elevates eyelids, upward gaze)
  • inferior oblique (upward gaze, external rotation, with some abduction)
  • medial rectus (adducts gaze)
  • inferior rectus (downward gaze)
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15
Q

Where are the nerve cell bodies for CNIII and how do they travel to their innervation site?

A

Cell bodies for GVE component are in the midbrain for presynaptic neurons (postsynaptic cell bodies in the ciliary ganglia)
GSE cell bodies in the midbrain

All parasympathetic innervation transverses the ciliary ganglion, only some of the sympathetic and sensory nerves transverse here too

Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers run through the ganglia, postsynaptic SYMPATHETIC ones follow carotid plexus vessels and hop onto ciliary ganglia and adjacent long ciliary nerve fibers to eye

16
Q

Why is CNIII also GVE (in addition to GSE)?

A

Also has parasympathetic function

Has visceral motor nucleus with cell bodies of presynaptic neurons that synapse at ciliary ganglia

The postsynaptic neurons there innervate the sphincter pupillae (pupil constriction)
And the ciliary muscles (controls lens shape)

17
Q

What does CNIV do and what’s its modality?

A

Trochlear nerve is GSE only

Innervates the superior oblique eye muscle

Each eye will be innervated by the CONTRALATERAL trochlear nucleus

18
Q

What does CNV do, its modality, and what are its branches?

A

Mixed sensory and motor innervation:

GSA to cornea, forehead skin, scalp, eyelids, nose, nasal mucosa, maxillary teeth

GSE to masticating muscles and suprahyoid muscles

Ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular branches

19
Q

What does CNVI do and what is its modality?

A

GSE skeletal muscle

Abducens innervates the lateral rectus eye muscle to abduct the eye (lateral movement)

20
Q

What does CNVII do and what is its modality?

A

Mixed sensory and motor GSE, GVE, SSA

GSE: scalp, facial expression, stapedius of middle ear, and suprahyoid muscles

GVE: preganglionic parasympathetic neurons from pons to submandibular or pterygopalatine ganglia…postganglionic from ganglia to submandibular/sublingual salivary glands, lacrimal and nasal glands

SSA: special sensory for taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue and palate)

21
Q

What does CNVIII do and its modality?

A

SSA sensory only

Vestibulocochlear is for hearing and balance

Has cell bodies in the vestibular ganglia to form vestibular nerve for position, balance and head movement

Also in spiral ganglia to form cochlear nerve for hearing

22
Q

What does CNIX do and its modality?

A

Mixed sensory and motor

GSE to stylopharyngeus muscle for swallowing
GSA for cutaneous sensation from external ear

GVE parasympathetic: presynaptic neurons from medulla to otic ganglion, postsynaptic neurons to parotid gland
GVA: sensations from parotid gland, carotid body+sinus, pharynx and middle ear

SSA: taste for posterior 1/3 of tongue

23
Q

What does CNX do and its modality?

A

Mixed sensory and motor

GSE: innervates pharyngeal muscles EXCEPT stylopharyngeus, larynx, palate, superior 2/3 of esophagus
GSA: cutaneous sensation from external auricle, external acoustic meatus, dura mater of posterior cranial fossa

GVE parasympathetic: presynaptic neurons from medulla travel to near viscera, postsynaptic neurons are near viscera and go to trachea, bronchi, digestive tract, coronary arteries, and conduction nodes of the heart
GVA: sensation from base of tongue, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, heart, esophagus, stomach and intestine up to left colic flexure

SVA: special sensory (visceral bc goes through mucous membrane) taste from epiglottis and palate

24
Q

What does CNXI do and its modality?

A

GSE motor only

Innervates SCM and trapezius

25
Q

What does CNXII do and its modality?

A

GSE motor only

Innervates muscles of the tongue

26
Q

How does the olfactory nerve CNI exit the cranium?

A

Cranial roots in forebrain and cerebral hemispheres

Cell bodies in olfactory epithelium

Exit via olfactory foramina in cribiform plate

27
Q

How does the optic nerve CNII exit the cranium?

A

Cranial root in the forebrain

Cell bodies in retina ganglia cells

Exits through optic canal

28
Q

Where does oculomotor nerve CNIII exit the cranium?

A

Cranial roots in midbrain (also visceral motor nucleus cell bodies here) for both GSE and GVE (presynaptic)

GVE also has its postsynaptic component in ciliary ganglion

Exits via superior orbital fissure

29
Q

Where does the trochlear nerve CNIV exit from the cranium?

A

Cranial root and cell bodies in midbrain

Exits via superior orbital fissure

30
Q

Where does the trigeminal nerve CNV exit the cranium?

A

GSA cell bodies in the trigeminal ganglion
GSE cell bodies in the pons

Different exits for the 3 branches:
CNV1 exits via superior orbital fissure
CNV2 exits via foramen rotundum
CNV3 exits via foramen ovale

31
Q

Where does the abducens CNVI exit the cranium?

A

Cranial root in brain stem

Cell bodies in pons

Exits via superior orbital fissure

32
Q

Where does the facial nerve CNVII exit the cranium?

A

Cranial roots in brain stem

Cell bodies in:
Geniculate ganglion for SSA
Pons for GSE + presynaptic parasympathetic GVE
Pterygopalatine ganglion and submandibular ganglion for postsynaptic parasympathetic GVE

Exits via internal acoustic meatus, facial canal, and stylomastoid foramen

33
Q

Where does vestibulocochlear nerve CNVIII exit the cranium?

A

Cranial roots in brain stem

Cell bodies in vestibular ganglia and spiral ganglia

Exits via internal acoustic meatus

34
Q

Where does glossopharyngeal nerve CNIX exit the cranium?

A

Cranial roots in brain stem

Cell bodies:
Medulla contains GSE and GVE presynaptic parasympathetic
Otic ganglion has GVE postsynaptic parasympathetic
Inferior ganglion has GSA and SSA
Superior ganglion has GVA

Exits via jugular foramen

35
Q

Where does the vagus nerve CNX exit the cranium?

A

Cranial roots in brain stem

Cell bodies:

  • Medulla contains GSE and presynaptic parasympathetic GVE
  • Neurons near or on viscera are GVE postsynaptic parasympathetic
  • Inferior ganglion has GVA and SSA
  • Superior ganglion has GSA

Exits via jugular foramen

36
Q

Where does the spinal accessory CNXI exit the cranium?

A

Cranial root is in spinal cord

Exits via spinal cord through foramen magnum

37
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve CNXII exit the cranium?

A

Cranial roots in brain stem

Cell bodies in the medulla

Exits via hypoglossal canal

Anatomy Lab (8 decks)

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