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MCAT > BP FL4 > Flashcards

BP FL4 Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Buffer solutions

A

include weak acids and bases so that it doesn’t affect the overall pH and has its conjugate salt

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2
Q

Na2HPO4

A

formed by a weak acid

H3PO4 is a weak acid !!!!!

to be an acid, you need to donate H (Bronsted), or accept e (Lewis acid) or produce H (Arrhenius)

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3
Q

UV is higher energy than

A

Visible or IR

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4
Q

The UV absorption of A in MH solutions and in aqueous solutions both peak at 314 nm, suggesting:

A

no significant change because both had the same peak so no shift happened with MH (more solubility)

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5
Q

mechanical energy

A

vibrations

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6
Q

Human hearing range

A

This range is 20 Hz to 20 kHz

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7
Q

If NADH is upregulated

A

NAD+ is low so we cannot go through gluconeogenesis that well so it is decreased

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8
Q

alkane

A

CnH2n+2

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9
Q

alkyne

A

CnH2n-2

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10
Q

shorter wavelength

A

higher energy so when you have protonated the compound in the question, you actually decrease the nm so the E increases

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11
Q

electron donation (methyl)

-O

COOH (withdrawing, CN)

A

by the methyl

makes it a stronger BASE

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12
Q

When you lose work or clockwise and P decreases

A

work done on surroundings so WORK BY THE SYSTEM (negative work)

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13
Q

Efficiency

A

Work output / work input

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14
Q

If efficiency is increased, work?

A

YES !!! IT INCREASES

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15
Q

impurities in a compound

A

lowers and broadens the melting point range

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16
Q

rollercoaster

A

centripetal F and a think !!!!!

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17
Q

When something ruptured in a water tank

A

dgh = 1/2dv2

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18
Q

If a toxin binds to ETC and prevents it

A

apoptosis or necrosis and also decrease ATP and will not increase O2 demand bc you cannot reach the oxygen

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19
Q

NADH levels will increase if CAC

A

doesnt work properly and no longer converts it to NAD+ and H

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20
Q

We produce CO2 in

A

CAC

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21
Q

Always look at KEY WORDS

A

ETC inhibition
drug
inhiitor
antagonist

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22
Q

Higher concentrations of CO2 in venous erythrocytes produce bicarbonate and drive the exchange of Cl- from the plasma into the cell.

A

If we only have HIGHER co2 in rbc we can exchange it with Cl

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23
Q

Co2 found in

A

RBC not plasma

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24
Q

integrins

A

attach to collagen and fibers !!!

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25
Q

dynein

A

backward, retrograde (nothing to do with motility of a cell or maybe decrease it)

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26
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinase

A

hormone receptors

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27
Q

response elements

A

promoter

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28
Q

Operators

A

are structures in operons, which are involved in prokaryotic gene expression. (repressor binds)

29
Q

If a bacteria is endosymbiotic and lives inside another bacteria

A

detection of it will be hard and vaccination will be not effective

30
Q

Gram (-) bacteria:

-contain pore proteins, known as porins, within their outer membrane

which aid in the diffusion of hydrophilic antibiotics, such as doxycycline.

A

If the bacterium could adapt to reduce the expression of functional porins and thereby decrease antibiotic permeability, it is unlikely that doxycycline would continue to be as effective against them

31
Q

After production, the testosterone: (hormone)

A

release to circulation and transported around the body with a plasma protein

32
Q

Morulation: (16-cell) That cavity was most likely a:

A

blastocoel (cavity)

outer: placenta (cavity)
inner: embryo (inner mass)

33
Q

angiogenesis

A

development of new blood vessels.

34
Q

D or L some things use only one enantiomer like carb and aa (L)

A

because they are stereospecific

35
Q

Which of the following is most likely true of the 5’-UTR region ? (before mrna coding region)

A

It is transcribed but is typically not translated or is only partially translated.

36
Q

If a genetics question asks the probability of the child has a recessive disorder

A

multiple the probability of the mom and dad and the child !!!

if you only look at one F1 generation multiple 1 parent and child

37
Q

If only 1 strand is replicated (PCR)

A

it is linear, not exponential

38
Q

no alternative splicing

A

still no INTRONS

39
Q

Histone has 11 nm diameter

A

DNA has 2 nm diameter so when it coils around the histone the diameter becomes 15 nm so that the DNA original was 75 and now it is 15 nm.

40
Q

Average human cell DNA length

A

1.8 m

41
Q

Nucleosome

A

more coiled than heterochromatin

42
Q

Voluntary muscles may contract involuntarily due to a reflex arc.

REFLEX ARC

A

The classic example is the patellar tendon reflex, in which sudden stretching of the patellar tendon leads to an involuntary contraction of the quadriceps. Such contraction occurs before the signal has even reached the brain.

INTERNEURON !!!

43
Q

colorblind

A

x linked recessive (hemophilia)

44
Q

Huntington disease, neurofibromatosis, and polycystic kidney disease.

A

autosomal dominant

45
Q

Evolutionary game theory

A

non-intentional behavior !!!

46
Q

Gram i and + (MRSA)

A

antibiotic !!

47
Q

Posterior pituatury

A

oxytocin, ADH (water lost in urine decreases)

48
Q

hypothalamus

A

dopamine, CRH, GnRH, tropic hormones

49
Q

The sense of agency

A

is the sense that you feel in control of your life

50
Q

Social capital

A

social networks

such as job connections, the ability to call in favors, and the ability to rely on others for support in difficult circumstances.

51
Q

Surround suppression

A

involves perceiving tactile information while ignoring stimuli immediately surrounding it.

52
Q

Neuron potentiation

A

long-term potentiation, or the strengthening of synapses with repeated use over time.

53
Q

kinesthetic system

A

balance and an individual’s sense of his body in the world.

54
Q

self-defeating behaviors are maintained by immediate reinforcement in the form of:

A

relief from anxiety

55
Q

Paraphilia

A

experience of intense sexual arousal to atypical objects, situations, or individuals.

56
Q

Androgyny

A

combination of masculine and feminine characteristics.

57
Q

General paresis (infection of brain/spinal cord)

A

is a neuropsychiatric disorder affecting the brain, caused by late-stage syphilis. (bacterial infection)

58
Q

Delirium tremens (alcohol wihtdrawal)

A

is an acute episode of delirium that is usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol.

59
Q

availability heuristic

A

individuals pay attention to more extreme cases, which they then use to generalize events as occurring at greater rates than they actually are.

60
Q

A paired samples t-test

A

results came from the same participants.

61
Q

independent samples t-test

A

compare mean values of two groups.

62
Q

sensorimotor

A

infancy (0-2) 2,7 7,11 (concrete) 112+ (formal)

63
Q

emotions

A

universal !! FADHSS (not shame, it is surprise)

64
Q

The affect heuristic

A

is the process of making a judgment based on emotions that are evoked.

65
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

degree to which males and females resemble each other.

low=  identical
high= different (competition is high, they mate  not repetitively and stick with only one)
66
Q

Stimulus motives are:

A

innate but not necessary for survival. (curiosity)

67
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

obedience experiment, teacher, superior

fundamental att- error

68
Q

Informative pressure

A

subtype of conformity pressure

69
Q

Race/etchnicity

A

demographic

MCAT (9 decks)

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