Bovine - Reportable Dz's

Question 1

WHat is anthrax?

Answer 1

rare but active dz in 2006 - 800 deaths reported
bacterial - bacillus anthracis
anthrax spores persist in enviro particularly where soil is alkaline and is then inhaled or ingested where dry conditions perpetuate and flooding stirs up previously buried spores
after animal death, bact sporulates when exposed to oxygen and affects scavenging of carcass
zoonotic

Question 1

What are the 3 types of anthrax?

Answer 1

cutaneous, pulmonary and GI anthrax

Question 2

What are the signs of anthrax? dx? tx? px?

Answer 2

usually found dead
signs in carcass are unclotted blood from orifices, no rigor mortis, advanced stage of decomposition, massive spenomegaly
dx - culture and sensitivity/PCR of blood
tx w/ antibiotics if caught early enough
px is grave

Question 3

How can we prevent anthrax? How do we dispose of it?

Answer 3

prevent by vx of suspectible animals
do not over graze
do not open up suspected carcasses
Dispose by keeping head covered to avoid blood leaking into ground via a garbage bag
keep carcass protected from scavengers until incinerated
neutralize ashes with formaldehyde or lye
bury ashes deep

Question 4

What is food and mouth dz in cattle?

Answer 4

extremely contagious virus
cloven-hoved animals like bovis, swine, cervids and camelids
endemic in 77% of global population, not in Canada but was present in 1952 Saskatchewan
it forms vesicles in the mouth, udder, coronary bands, severe illness and is rarely fatal

Question 5

How is FMD spread?

Answer 5

spread by aerosol, needles, fomites that go up to 10km and survive for 14 days
consequences of infection will cause major economic loss + illness and death
immediate loss of export markets = loss of billions (ex 2001 UK outbreak 8 billion pounds)

Question 6

Symptoms? DDX? Dx? of foot and mouth diisease

Answer 6

symptoms: blisters of feet, nose, lips, mouth, udder, genitals, coronary band
hypersalivation, marked lameness, fever, inappetence, reduced milk prod, weight loss
DDX vesicular stomatitis, mucosal disease (BVD) and malignant catarrhal fever
dx by PCR or viral isolation of blister fluid

Question 7

How can we prevent FMD?

Answer 7

CFIA prohibition of importation of cattle from endemic countries, traveler declaration (meat, dairy, hides, repro products like semen or embryos), no contact w/ farms for 14 days if arrived from country w/ endemic FMD
vx for endemic herds (but not available in cad)
BIOSECURITY

Question 8

WHat is bovine tuberculosis?

Answer 8

All cattle, but primary concern in dairy
ZOONOTIC - transmitted via milk
mycobacterium bovis - granulomatous lesion that affects lungs and lymph nodes (causing tubercles), all causes progressive debilitation and wasting
multidrug resistant bacteria

Question 9

How do we diagnose TB? Prevention?

Answer 9

intrademal tuberculin test detects a protein derivatives of M. Bovis, taken from the neck or tail fold and is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction (swelling at 48-96 hours after injection)
if pos, immediate cull to prevent transmission to cattle or people
prevent by pasteurization of milk

Question 10

What is bovine spongiform encephalopathy?

Answer 10

BSE, mad cow disease
prion dz that causes misfolding of proteins and accumulates in CNS
There are two forms - classical (from oral consumption of prions. Protein meal of mammalian sources, 2-8 years b4 clinical signs)
Atypical (spontaneous genetic mutation

AKA chronic wasting dz in cervids and scrapie in sheep

Question 11

How has the mad cow dz affected canada?

Answer 11

1st case in 2003 for a total of 21 cases
massive depopulation, closed exports with economic devastation
CCIA animal tracking
eliminate mammalian based protein in diets
no longer reportable, but is notifiable

Question 12

What are the symptoms of mad cow dz? px? tx? prevention?

Answer 12

Symp: ataxia, hyperexcitability, muscle tremors, decreased milk prod, weight loss, muscle tremors, aggression (DDx rabies)
px grave, no tx
Prevent by not feeding mammalian based protein, animal tracking CCia tags, do not allow prion containing tissues to enter food chain (CNS tissue, trigeminal nerve ganglion, yes, tonsils, distal ileum of SI) and surveillance of brain tissue

Question 13

How does bovine spongiform encephalopathy present in humans?

Answer 13

creutzfeldt-jakoc dz (v-CJD)
spontaneous mutation
consumption of prion contaminated food
up to 20 yrs b4 symptoms

Question 14

What bovine dz’s are reportable in canada and what is not?

Answer 14

zoonotic - anthrax, TB, brucellosis, cystericercosis (tapeworm-cysts in meat ingested by humans), rabies

not zoonotic bluetongue