Bovine- GIT

Question 1

What is actinobacillosis?

Answer 1

Wooden togue
feed with hard stems or fox tail awns (barbs that go opposite and dig in like porcupine quills)
Abrasians causes microabscesses - actinobacillus lignierseii
Causes weight loss, hyper salivation - DDx rabies
tx IV sodium iodine + broadspectrum antibiotics
prevent by no coarse feed

Question 2

What is actinomycosis?

Answer 2

Lumpy jaw
feed stuff w/ hard stems, fox tail awns
abrasions causes microabscesses which cause actinomyces bovis and colonize soft tissues then bone
causes weight loss, hypersalivation, hard swelling of bone DDx rabies
Tx IV sodium iodine, broadspectrum antibiotics
prevent by no coarse feed

Question 3

What is lactic acidosis?

Answer 3

grain overload
rapid inc in concentrates or grain - feedlot calves transitioned too quickly/dairy cows on wrong TMR/ beef cattle in grain bin
Carbs rapidly ferment to prod lactic acid - ruminal pH dec, kills ruminal microbes, acidic enviro osmotically draws fluid to rumen -> systemic dehydration + damage to rumen mucosa

Question 4

What happens with acute lactic acidosis? Chronic?

Answer 4

acute - mild bload, dec rumen motility, dehydration, diarrhea, recumbency, EMERGENCY
Chronis - liver abscesses

tx lavage rumen/sx, IV fluids, transfaunation

Question 5

what is ruminal tympany?

Answer 5

bloat
distension of rumen - many diff dz’s/conditions ( a SYMPTOM, not a dx) any cattle, any prod phase
distension of upper L quadrant 1st -> lower L -> Lower R -> Upper R

Question 6

What are the signs of ruminal tympany?

Answer 6

inc rumen gase
dec rumen motility
abnormal rumen microbes
lower esophageal sphincter obstructed
eructation impaired
pressure on diaphragm and vena cava
decreased respiration and venous return
death

Question 7

What happens in acute bloat? What is Primary and secondary bloat called? what happens with secondary bloat?

Answer 7

acute bloat = emergency
Primary = frothy bloat
secondary = free gas bloat (vagal indigestion - damage to vagus nerve = reduced rumen funct)

Question 8

What is primary bloat?

Answer 8

ruminal gases trapped in stable foam and cannot eructate
Legumes with high protein (such as alfalfa and clover)
when there’s not enough forage to stimulate rumen motility

must pass orogastric tube or rumen trocar to administer anti-foaming agent such as Dss or canola oil

Question 9

What are the different types of secondary bloat?

Answer 9

type 1 - failure to burp, obstruction of esophagus (foreign body (potato), mass (lymphoma, abscess)
Type 2 - failure of omasal transport, feed cannot go btw rumen -> omasum (ex foreign body, mass, damage to vagal nerve)
Type 3 - failure of abomasal outflow, feed cannot go btw abomasum -> duodenum (foreign body, damage to vagal nerve, abomasal displacement)

Question 10

How do you treat secondary bloat?

Answer 10

tx by passing orogastric tube, place temporary rumen trocar, permanent rumenotomy sx - “bloat hole”
Prognosis depends on cause

Question 11

What is traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

Answer 11

hardware dz
caudal pointing papillae in oral mucosa - cannot easily spit out foreign materials like nails/wire
Heavy foreign bodies sink to bottom of reticulum (penetrate reticulum (peritonitic), diaphragm (pericarditis)
if involvement of vagus nerve = vagal indigestion/bloat

Question 12

What are some symptoms of hardware dz?

Answer 12

inappetence, dec milk prod, reluctance to move, reduced rumen contractions, “apple bloat”
positive “grunt” test, witheres test
pulsing jugular, heart murmur

Question 13

How do you dx, tx and prevent hardware dz?

Answer 13

dx - rads + ultrasound
tx - rumenotomy, broadspectrum antibiotics
prevention - oral magnet

Question 14

What is an abomasal displacement?

Answer 14

cattle on high conc low roughage diet prods excess gas (dilation of abomasum), has subclinical ketosis and hypocalcemia (dec motility)

LDA/RDA = Left/Right side displacement

Question 15

How do you treat abomasal displacement?

Answer 15

fluid therapy, propylene glycol for ketosis, abominal surgery by rolling and toggling + pyloropexy (right paralumbar fossa approach ideal)

anesthesia: +/- sedation, blocks with paravetebral, inverted L and line block

Question 16

What is a ping? in terms of gas

Answer 16

ping at gas-fluid interface
like basketball being bounced in a gym

Question 17

what is an abomasal impaction?

Answer 17

cattle def too much straw to prolong hay stores - rumen microbes cannot effectively digest straw and abomasum becomes impacted
usually several cows affected - signs are inappetence, weight loss, distension of lower R + L quadrants
tx is sx, poor prognosis

Question 18

What happens with diarrhea in cows? what age? Production stage? what does it look like?

Answer 18

Any cattle, age, stage of prod
watery - doesn’t hold form
feces smeared all over hindquarters and tail - some perineum staining is normal

Question 19

What is BVD? What is the most affected age? What happens during pregnancy?

Answer 19

6-24 mo age affected, gets transient fever, diarrhea, ulcers in mouth + coronary bands
most recover or become immunocomp and die of other causes
If infected during pregnancy can about, OR birth persistently infect calf that is a source of infection for rest of herd

Question 20

In BVD, what happens with persistently infected calves? What about virus isolation? Tx? Vx?

Answer 20

Persistently infected calvs can look normal or look stunted and untrhifty

virus isolation - fecal sample (intermittently shed), ear notches of suspect P1 calves

No tx, vx available

Question 21

What is paratuberculosis?

Answer 21

fecal-oral infection caused by mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) -> persistent in enviro for 1yr
Symptomatic after years -> granulomatosis enteritis and causes protein loss, malabsorption, diarrhea
Lose condition despite good appetite

Question 22

How do you dx, tx and prevent johne’s dz?

Answer 22

dx - PCR of feces for intermittant shedding
No tx, ID and cull high shedders
prevent by test all new incoming cattle, closed herd and vx

Question 23

What is coccidiosis?

Answer 23

one mo to 1 yr of age -> protozoal infection with eimeria sp.
common in crowded spends, nursery pens, feedlots
symptoms include dec weight plan, soft feces to bloody water diarrhea - has specific smell, lethargy, colic and weight loss

Question 24

How can you dx and tx coccidiosis?

Answer 24

dx by oocysts fecal sample
tx is self-limiting, use of sulfonamides and rumensis (coccidiostate, inc feed conversion efficiency)