Bovine: Calf Dz's + Fluid Therapy Flashcards
What are some good management practices in preventing dz transmission btw calves
clean, dry, out of wind betting
no overcrowding, indoor in winter, out in spring/summer
Have a calving pen and then nursing pen and NEVER the other way around bc it prevents older calves infecting ynger ones
Several diff cohort nursing pens-isolate dzs to one pen
What management should be done in regards to colostrum intake and monitoring?
colostrum essential - most asorption <6hrs
complete gut closure at 24 hrs
closely monitor calves of heifers for poor colostrum production + poor bonding
also monitor for difficult labor/pulled/c-section (also maladjustment syndrome/dummy calves)
In terms of management, how can colostum be administered and produced?
can be from cows on site (antibodies to pathogens on farm)
can be commercial (freeze-dried colostrum from immunity enhanced dairy cattle) - not ideal but better than nothing
administer colostrum via orogastric or oroesophageal tube within 6-24 hrs
What are the 4 dz’s of failure of passive transfer?
omphalophlebitis
septic arthritis/physitis
pneumonia
diarrhea
What is omphalophlebitis? tx?
occurs 1-2wks old
symptoms: hot, swollen umbilicus, purulent discharge
can cause liver abcess and bladder abscess
Caused by bacteremia which seed bacteria to lungs and joints
tx by broad spectrum antibiotics and sx
What is septic arthritis/physitis?
occurs 1-2wks old
symptoms are sudden onset of non-weight bearing lameness. has hot, swollen joints (often more than one affected), otherwise is bright and alert
tx w/ broad spectrum antibiotics and joint lavage
What is pneumonia in calves? symptoms? Causes? Tx? Prevention?
symp: tachypnea, coughing, fever, reduced grwoth rate
caused by: FPT, bacterial, biral, aspiration during bottle feeding, indoor housing
Tx - broad-spectrum Ab’s
Prevention by improved management techniques, vx of preg cows, ensure colostrum intake
What is scours? Caused by? Tx? prevention?
Diarrhea! Caused by FPT, bacterial, viral, parasitic
tx: specific to bacterial (Ab’s), parasitic (coccidiostats), general (fluid therapy)
Highly infectious - separate affected calves
prevent by good biosecurity measures - move from healthiest to sickest calves, change clothing before going to healthy calves, keep sick in isolation
What is bacterial diarrhea if its enterotoxogenic E. coli
ETEC happens when calves are less than 7days old
symptoms of secretory diarrhea secondary to toxins
profuse, watery diarrhea
rapid dehydration
What happens with bacterial diarrhea when its because of clostridium perfringens
<7days old, bloody diarrhea, has straining
What happens with bacterial diarrhea when its because of salmonella spp.
Happens 2-12 weeks of age
bloody diarrhea
ZOONOTIC
What happens with viral diarrhea when its because of rotavirus, coronavirus?
> 4 days
attacks intestinal villa
has maldigestion and malabsorption diarrhea
WHat are the differences between the bacterial diarrhea salmonella spp, clostridium perfringens, and ETEC?
ETEC: <7d, watery diarrhea and dehydration
Clostridium: <7 days, bloody diarrhea, straining
Salmonella: 2-12 wks, bloody diarrhea
What happens when a calf gets parasitic diarrhea from cryptosporidium sp?
Cryptosporidium sp
>7days
damages villi
causes maldigestion and malabsorption diarrhea
ZOONOTIC
What happens when a calf gets parasitic diarrhea coccidiosis?
1 mo-12mo
from emeria spp.
has normal feces, or loose feces or bloody diarrhea
has reduced weight gain, loss and have colic
What is white muscle dz?
inadequate vitamine E/selenium in cow’s diet
vita e/sel is antioxidant and prevents muscle injury
is a herd problem
affects skeletal and cardiac muscles
What are the symptoms of white muscle dz? Diagnosis? Tx? Prevention?
Symp: Mild - weakness/recumbency. Severe - sudden onset symptoms, recumbency, tachycardia, aspiration pneumonia (impaired swallow reflex), sudden death and myoglobinuria
dx -hypovitaminosis E of serum of live calves or necropsy for liver tissue samples, pale skeletal, heart muscle
tx w/ vita e/sel injections
prevent w/ supplement cows, admin vita e/sel to all cows+calves
What is myoglobinuria?
the presence of an abnormally excessive amount of myoglobin in the urine.
What are you addressing when giving fluid therapy to calves?
Dehydration, acidosis, electrolyte loss
How can dehydration, acidosis and eletrolyte loss affect calves?
Dehydration - loss of fluids = hypovolemia of systemic circulation => prolonged skin tent + eyeball recession
Acidosis - loss of bicarb in feces => inc motility and systemic acidosis
E+ loss - loss of an, k, mg for increased motility
What are the dehydration signs for non, mild, moderate and severe in regards to demeanor, eyeball recession and skin tent duration
Non(<5%), normal demeanor, no eyeball recession, <1s skint tent
Mild (6-8%), slightly depressed, 2-4mm recession, 2-4s skin
Moderate (8-10%), depressed, 4-6mm recession, 4-6 s tent
Severe (10-12), comatose, 6-8mm, >6s tent
When might we give oral fluids? What should we do for strong suckle vs weak suckle?
at <8% dehydrated, if still standing, have a suck reflex and gastric motility
is strong suckle - use bottle to prevent aspiration pneumonia
if weak suckle - oroesophageal feeder
What are some common oral fluids to use for calf eletrolye solution?
calf-lyte II
alkalinzing agent, has glucose and osmolarity of 60 mmol/L
1 package/2 L of warm water
twice a day for milk dehydration and supplement with milk
When do we use IV fluids?
> 8% dehydration
recumbent’no gut motility
no suck reflrex
add oral fluids when gut motility and suck reflex return
