Botanicals Flashcards
Achillea millefolium - yarrow
A: bitter digestive stimulant
- styptic
- vulnerary
- diaphoretic
I: wounds, ulcers, AUB, stimulates digestive everything
SE/T: Mild - nausea
CI: active ulcers, gastritis, hyPERchlorhydria, GERD, obstruction, acute diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis, high fever
Intx: increased gut motility = decreased absorption
Aconite nappelus - root
A: anodyne, antineuralgic
I: pain, TG neuralgia
SE/T: N/V, miosis, hypotension, chest pain, v.fib, dyspnea
highly toxic with internal usage, OD = lethal
*narrow therapeutic window = LOW DOSE HERB
CI: P/L
Intx: None
Actea (Cimicifuga) racemosa - root
A: tones uterus, serotoneric, facilitates labor, spasmolytic, nervine, anti-rheum
I: menstrual issues (dysmenorrhea, PMS), fertility issues, OA, RA, depression
SE/T: Rare - extreme OD = severe sx
CI: early pregnancy
Intx: None
Aesculus hippocastanum - fruit
A: venotonic, modulates inflammation
I: bruises (topical), edems, veins issues, fragile capillaries - varicose veins, etc
SE/T: nausea and unprocessed fruit is highly toxic, IM = hepatitis and renal failure
CI: high doses
Intx: None
Allium cepa and saticum - bulb
A: anti-atherosclerotic, decreases lipids, antiplatelet, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti - H.pylori/worms
I: hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, stroke prevention, angina, DM,
*worms/parasites/bugs, dermatophytosis, onchymycosis, warts, infectious vaginitis, OM
SE/T: bad breath and body odor, bleeding at excess dosages
**toxicity due to antiplatelet activity
CI: bleeding diathesis, with concomitant anticoagulants, thyroid dz, garlic allergy
Intx: potentiates antiplatelets and insulin and hypoglycemics
Aloe vera - gel
A: modulates inflammation/immuno, vulnerary and demulcent
I (topical): burns, skin ulcers, wounds
I (internal): gastritis, IBD, PUD, IC
SE/T: Safe
CI: 3rd degree burns, deep and infected wounds
Intx: None
Aloe vera - latex
A: directly stimulates bowel movements
I: short term usage for atonic constipation when other serious ddx are ruled out
SE/T: internal = abdominal cramps and colic, harmless red urine and feces
Pseudomelanosis coli
toxicity can occur if over 10 days, recurrent usage can cause electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, muscle and kidney destruction with hematuria and albumineria
Can also provoke reflex contraction in uterus if taking when pregnant which can lead to miscarriage
CI: more than 10 days, bulimia, obstruction, spastic constipation, abdominal pain of unknown origin, less than 12 yo
P/L
Intx: dramatic reduction in TT = interfering with absorption of many drugs
*dont combine with drugs that cause hypokalemia or have SE in one sitting
Althaea officinalis - leaf/root
A: GI/lungs/Urinary demulcent
I: gastritis, PUD, IC, lower UTI, cough, bronchitis, etc
SE/T: None
CI: wet cough
Intx: None
Angelica sinensis - root
A: uterine tonic and can cause antiplatelet effects
I: amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, hyper AND hypoestrogen, menopause, PMS, etc.
SE/T: safe but antiplatelet effects can occur
CI: menorrhagia, bleeding d/o
Inx: caution with anticoagulants
Arctium lappa - root
A: bitter digestive stimulant and protects the liver
I: all conditions to speed up GI digestion
SE/T: Safe
CI: active ulcers, gastritis, hyPERchlorhydria, GERD, obstruction, acute diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis, high fever
Intx: increased gut motility = decreased absorption
Withania somnifera - root
A: modulates immunity and is relaxing
I: aphrodisiac - stress, infc, AI dz, anxiety
SE/T: None
CI: Pregnancy and may worsen AI dz
Intx: may interfere with immunosuppresive drugs
Valerian officinalis - root
A: hypnotic, anxiolytic, nervine, anodyne
I: SM spasms, insomnia, anxiety
SE/T: Daytime sedation
CI: None
Intx: None
Veratrum viride and album - root
A: anti-hypertension
I: HTN - NO LONGER USED CAUSE TOOOOOOO TOXIC and very narrow therapeutic window
Passiflora incarnata - leaf
A: hypnotic, anxiolytic, nervine
I: insomnia, anxiety
SE/T: few cases of pancreatitis
CI: None
Intx: None
Pausinystalia yohimbe - bark
A: alpha 2 - adrenergic antagonist
I: ED, depression, narcolepsy
SE/T: induction of insomnia, anxiety, HTN, nervousness, dizziness
- CNS effects of alpha blockers (anxiety)
CI: because is anxiogenic - panic attacks, PTSD, CAD, severe edema, PUD, renal dz
P/L
Intx: could interfere with alpha adrenergic agonist drugs and phenytoin (anticonvulsant)
Phytolacca americana - root
A: lympathic tonic and anti-rheumatic
I: lymphadenopathy, cysts, mastitis, myalgia, OA, RA
SE/T: None at therapeutic dosages but lectins can cause systemic toxicity
CI: P/L
*ok for short term mastitis
*LOW DOSE HERB
Intx: None
Piper methysticum - root
A: anxiolytic, anodyne, nervine, spasmolytic
I: anxiety, IC
SE/T: None usually but discontinue if you see signs of liver damage
CI: combo with anti-psychotic meds and long-term usage of high dosage
Intx: None
Piscidia erythrina - bark
A: anodyne, spasmolytic, sedative, nervine
I: myalgia, neuralgia, HA, insomnia
SE/T: Overdose can cause depressed consciousness, convulsions, respiratory depression, HR and death - LOW DOSE HERB
CI: Pregnancy
Intx: None
Plantago spp. - leaf
C: GI/lung/urinary demulcent and vulnerary
I: gastritis, PUD, IC, lower UTI, etc.
*dermatitis, wounds, skin ulcers
SE/T: None
CI: Wet Cough
Intx: PA interfere with absorption of drugs simultaneously
Podophyllum peltatum - root
A: anti-cancer, anti-HPV, cholagogue
I: cancer and warts
SE: extremely toxic if crude herb - no longer used clinically as crude herb. internal OD - tachycardia, hypotension, unconsciousness, death
CI: fresh root, internal usage, P - teratogenic and fetocidal/L
Intx: None
Prunus serotina - bark
A/I: relaxing expectorant for spasmodic cough
SE/T: None
CI: None
Intx: None
Prunus africanum - bark
A/I: inhibits 5a reductase so will correct the prostate in BPH
safe but environmentally threatened so use serenoa instead
SE/T: None
Intx: None
Pulsatilla vulgaris - leaf/flower
A: anodyne (painkiller), sedative, nervine
I: menstrual stuff: PMS, Pain, cramps
*insomnia b/c sedative herb
SE/T: serious SE: arrthymias, hypothermia, paralysis, convulsion, stupor
CI: P/L
Intx: None
Quercus spp - bark
A: astringent, styptic, AI, antiseptic
I (internal): IBD, diarrhea, dysentery
I (external): varicosities, fissures, wounds, vaginal prolapse, post partum uterine bleeding
SE: avoid internal high dosage and long-term
- iron deficiency anemial and malabsorption
CI: HF, large area of skin damage, full baths
Intx: may reduce GI absorption drugs
Rauwolfia serpentina - root
A: depletes catecholamine vesicles in CNS = systemic VASODILATION, anti-psychotic, antiarrythmic
I: HTN
SE/T: Therapeutic dosages: stuffy nose, loose stool, edema
Toxic dosages: bradycardia, depression, parkinsons, drowsiness d/t severe catecholamine depression - LOW DOSE HERB
CI: depression, PD, hyperPRL, active PUD, UC
Pregnancy (can use when essential)
Intx: thiazide diuretics, MAOIs, TCA, adrenergic agonists
if taken with digoxin or quinidine = may cause arrthymias
Rhamnus frangula - bark
A: directly stimulates BM
I: short-term usage for atonic constipation when no other shit works
SE/T: internal = abdominal cramps and colic, harmless red urine and feces
Pseudomelanosis coli
toxicity can occur if over 10 days, recurrent usage can cause electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, muscle and kidney destruction with hematuria and albumineria
Can also provoke reflex contraction in uterus if taking when pregnant which can lead to miscarriage
CI: use less than 10 days, bulimia, obstruction, undx ab pain, kids under 12 yo
Intx: decreased TT = changes of absorption
*avoid taking with drugs that cause hypokalemia or have SE at same time
P and L(?)
Rhodiola rosea - herb
A: adaptogen, antidepressant
I: stress, decreased immune system, cancer, depression
SE/T: None
CI: None
Intx: immunosuppressive agents
Ricinus communis - topical oil
A: anodyne, modulates inflam, stimulates labor
I: menstrual pain, stimulates labor if placed on the os
SE/T: None
CI: application over broken skin
Intx: None
Ricinus communis - internal oil
A: directly stimulates BM, emetic and facilitates labor
I: short term usage of atonic constipation, post-date labor
SE/T: internal = abdominal cramps and colic, harmless red urine and feces
Pseudomelanosis coli
toxicity can occur if over 10 days, recurrent usage can cause electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, muscle and kidney destruction with hematuria and albumineria
Can also provoke reflex contraction in uterus if taking when pregnant which can lead to miscarriage
CI: use less than 10 days, bulimia, obstruction, undx ab pain, kids under 12 yo
Intx: decreased TT = changes of absorption
*Avoid taking drugs that cause hypokalemia or have SE at the same time - cardiac glycosides, diuretics, antiarrhythmics, corticosteroids
Rosmarinus officinalis - leaf
A: antimicrobial, stimulates circulation, nootropic, counterirritant if topical
I: hypotension, poor memory, dementia, URTI, bronchitis, liver detoxification
*topical: myalgia, arthalgis, S/S
SE/T: Internal OD of VO can cause neurotoxicity and even death
CI: Pregnancy - internally (volatile oil)
Intx: None
Rubus idaeus - leaf/root
A: facilitates labor, uterine tonic and astringent
I: diarrhea, preparing for labor
SE/T: None
CI: total diarrhea suppression
Intx: tannins = reduced absorption
*take away from drugs
Rumex crispus - root
A: bitter digestive stimulant, protects liver
I: all dz that need GI stimulation after serious ddx R/O
SE/T: None
CI: active PUD, gastritis, hyperchlohydria, GERD, obstruction, acute diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis
Intx: increased gut motility = decreased absorption
Salix spp. - bark
A: anodyne, modulates inflam, anti-fever, anti-rheum, analgesic
I: pain, UTI, fever, myalgias, OA/RA, S/S
SE/T: contains salicylates = GI irritation
CI: childhood viral exanthems, long-term usage, salicylate sensitivity, G6PD
Lactation
Intx: anticoagulants and antiplatelets
Theobroma cacao - fruit
A/I: stimulant, vasodilates, SM relaxant = bronchial muscle relaxant
SE/T: None
CI: Heart disease?
Intx: decreases iron absorption, MAOs, quinoline antibotics, OCPs - inhibit caffeine metabolism
Thuji occidentalia - leaf
A: immunomodulating and anti-HPV
I: warts, pharngitis and tonsilitis
SE/T: None at therapeutic dosages
high dosages of thujone: convulsions, hallucinations, nightmares, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, fatty liver
VO contains thujone = neurotoxic and carcinogenic = AVOID
CI: None at therapeutic dosages
Intx: None
Thymus vulgaris - leaf
A: anti-microbial/H pylori/worm
I: all fungal, bacterial, parasitic infection
can also help with OA, RA, S/S when applied topically
SE/T: high doses of VO = neurotoxic and lethal
CI: high doses of VO
Intx: None
Sambucus nigra - fruit
A: antiviral/oxidant/catarrhal
I: influenza, URTI
SE/T: diarrhea
CI: None
Intx: None
Sanguinaria canadensis - root
A: stimulating expectorant and escharotic (topical)
I: oral rinses: gingivitis
*wet cough
*cervical dysplasia, BCC or SCC (early)
SE/T: many: arrhythmias, shock, coma, potentially lethal if OD if internal usage
topical: skin necrosis, nerve damage, oral leukoplakia
*a mitochondrial poison = severely toxic (internal) = painful tissue destruction (topical)
CI: dry cough, infants
P/L
Intx: None
Schisandra chinensis - fruit
A: protects liver and tones nervous system, deeply immune activation
I: chronic hepatitis and liver damage, fatigue, stress/debility
SE/T: None
CI: Pregnancy but can use to assist in birth process
Intx: potentiates barbiturates, enhances drug clearance by liver
Scutellaria baicalensis - root
A: anti-allergy, AI, AO
I: asthma, hayfever, dermatitis, acute infx
SE/T: None
CI: 1st trimester of pregnancy
Intx: cyclosporines
scutellaria lateriflora - leaf
A: hypnotic, anxiolytic, anodyne, nervine
I: insomnia, anxiety, pain
SE/T: None
CI: None
Intx: None
Selenicereus grandiflorus - stem/flower
A: anti-arrythmia
I: CHF, arrythmia, palpitations
SE/T: none at therapeutic doses - LOW DOSE HERB - OD = arrhythmias, confusion, tachycardia
CI: P/L
Intx: None
Serenoa repens - fruit
A/I: inhibits testosterone activity so works on prostate for BPH
SE/T: None
CI: None
Intx: None
Hypericum perforatum - leaf/flower
A: antidepressant, anticancer, antibug, nervine
I: depression, cancer, enveloped viruses, sciatica, neuralgia
SE/T: photosensitive skin
CI: high doses with strong UV light exposure
Intx: reduces serum levels of many drugs = anti HPV protease inhibitors, cyclosporines, digoxin, morphine, OCP, statins, TCAs, theophylline, warfarin
can potentiate serotonin syndrome if taken with SSRI
Salvia officinalis - leaf
A: antimicrobial and anti-secretory
I: menopausal hot flashes/sweats, infx
SE/T: internal OD = neurotoxic and/or death
CI: Lactation unless you want to dry up milk, and high doses of VO
Intx: None
Sambucus nigra - flower
A: diaphoretic, modulates inflammation, anti-allergy
I: fever, allergic conjunctivitis and other itis of the EENT pathway
SE/T: None
CI: high fever
Intx: None
Silybum marianum - seed
A: protects and restores the liver and also improves bile quality
I: hepatitis/cirrhosis/fatty liver
SE/T: None
CI: None
Intx: None
Smilax spp. - root
A: anti-rheumatic, diaphoretic, AI
I: chronic skin inflam conditions, OA/RA
SE/T: increased absorption of digitalis glycosides
CI: GERD
Intx: None
Solidago spp. - aerial
A: anti-catarrhal, AI, AM, astringent, diaphoretic
I: URTI with catarrh, flu, dyspepsia, urinary irritation/nflam and topical wound healing
SE/T: None
CI: allergy to Asteraceae family
Intx: None
Symphytum officinale - leaf/root
A: demulcent and expectorant with vulnerary abilities
I (topical): wounds, dermatitis, fractures of osteum
I (internal): dry cough, inflammation, UTIs
SE/T: HVOD = hepatis fibrosis = liver failure - contains unsaturated PA’s = irreversible liver and kidney damage
HVOD = intrahepatic post-sinusoidal portal hypertension caused by stenosis or occlusion of veins, including the central veins of hepatic lobules and the sublobular veins
CI: wet cough, massive areas of broken skin, internal usage = HVOD
extreme caution with P/L/kids but topical usage ok with these people
Intx: toxicity may increase with hepatotoxic drugs
Tanacetum parthenium - leaf
A/I: modulates inflam and anti-migraine
SE/T: None
CI: Pregnancy
Intx: None
Tanacetum vulgare - flower
A: abortifacient and fetoxocic and antiparasitic (intestinal)
SE/T: convulsions, arrythmias, rigid pupils, uterine bleeding, tachypnea, LOC
***Abortifacient, fetotoxic, carcinogenic - thujone and camphor in VO
CI: pregnancy, V/O and long-term - LOW-DOSE HERB
Intx: None
Taraxacum officinale - leaf
A:bitter digestive stimulant, diuretic, ant-hpv
I: all things that require GI stimulation
*UTI, edema
*warts
SE/T: None
CI: active PUD, gastritis, hyperchlohydria, GERD, obstruction, acute diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis
Intx: increased gut motility = decreased absorption
Taraxacum officinale - root
A: bitter digestive stimulant, protects liver
I: all things that require GI stimulation
SE/T: None
CI: active PUD, gastritis, hyperchlohydria, GERD, obstruction, acute diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis
Intx: increased gut motility = decreased absorption
Tilia europaea - flower/leaf/dried sapwood
A: diaphoretic, vasodilates, spasmolytic, nervine
I (internal): restless, HA, URTI with catarrh, HTN
I (external): enema for anxiety, HTN, RA, dermatitis
SE/T: urticaria (external usage) and allergic rhinitis
CI: None
Intx: decreases iron absorption
Tribulus terrestris - aerial
A: indirectly estrogenic in females and androgenic in men, tonic
I: infertility, importance, decreased libido, fatigue
SE/T: None
CI: P/L, GERD and cholestasis
Intx: None
Trifolium pratense - flower
A: phytoestrogen, nervine
I: hyper/hypoestrogen conditions and menopause
SE/T: None
CI: none
Intx: None
Tussilago farfara - leaf/root
A: demulcent, expectorant, anti-catarrhal, promotes wound healing
I: wounds, dermatitis, dry cough, inflamm
**has unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids so topical usage is safe but can absorb into skin
SE/T: hepatotoxic with chronic usage because unsaturated PAs
CI: wet cough, massive areas of broken skin, internal usage = HVOD
extreme caution with P/L/kids but topical usage ok with these people
Intx: None
Ulmus rubra - bark
A: GI/lungs/urinary demulcent
I: gastritis, PUD, IC, UTI, etc.
SE/T: None
CI: wet cough
*avoid herbs because dutch elm disease on species and can kill trees - use althaea or other tx options
Intx: PA can reduce absorption of drugs if taken simultaneously
Urtica dioica - leaf/seed
A: diuretic, modulates inflammation
I (topical): OA, RA
I (internal): lower UTI, urolithiasis, AR, eczema, OP
SE/T: stings from fresh leaves topically
CI: None
Intx: None
Urtica dioica - root
A/I: BPH
SE/T: None
CI: None
Intx: None
Usnea barbata - thallus
A: AM, AF
I: infections in general and TB
SE/T: hepatotoxic from isolated usnic acid
CI: None
Intx: None
Vaccinium myrtillus - fruit
A: venotonic and anti-adhesion (similar to cranberry)
I: capillary fragility, varicosity, hemorrhoids, UTI, gastroenteritis, diabetic retinopathy
SE/T/CI: fresh fruit in excess = diarrhea
Intx: can interfere with absorption of drugs if taken at same time
Intx: None
Vaccinium myrtillus - leaf
A/I: anti-diabetic
SE/T/CI: long term = liver damage
Intx: None
Zingiber officinale - rhizome
A: aromatic digestive stimulant, carminative, anti-emetic, AO, anti-parasitic, anti-viral, etc etc
I: anti-atheroschlerosis, N/V
*parasites
*any inflammatory condition
*any GI condition that needs stimulation
frequently added to formulas as synergizer and circulatory stimulant
SE/T: None
CI: active PUD, gastritis, hyperchlohydria, GERD, obstruction, acute diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis
Intx: increased gut motility = decreased absorption
Viburnum opulus and prunifolium - bark
A: spasmolytic, emmenagogue (stimulate blood flow to pelvis), nervine
I: muscle spasms anywhere, PMS sxx, menstrual sx, relaxes uterers
SE/T: None
CI: None
Intx: None
Vinca major/minor - aerial
A: circulatory stimulant and astringent
I: menstrual sx - menorrhagia, metorrhagia
*poor memory, mild bleeding, HA
SE/T: High dosages can decrease achilles tendon reflexes and paresthesias - will return in a few months
CI: Pregnancy, Constipation, Hypotension
Intx: None
Viscum album and flavescens - leaf
A: Anti - HTN, modulates immunity
I: HTN, HIV/AIDS/Cancer (SubQ injection)
SE/T: None at therapeutic dosage (safe)
OD = convulsions, anemia, hemorrhage, liver damage, thymus damage, death
CI: P/L - LOW DOSE HERB
Intx: None
Datura stramonium - leaf
A: blocks acetylcholine receptors = SM relaxation (spasmolytic) and inhibits secretions and is an analgesic
I: sx relief of asthma, tremors
SE/T: pupil dilation, tachycardia, confusion, hyperventilation, hallucination, dysphagia, convulsion, coma
ONLY USE SHORT TERM AND LOW DOSE
CI: BPH or other causes of urinary retention, tachycardia, arrhythmias, closed-angel glaucoma, pulmonary edema, GI stenosis, megacolon
P/L/Kids
Intx: potentiates anticholinergics (TCAs, amantadine, quinidine, phenothiazine, antipsychotics)
antagonizes cisapride
Digitalis purpurea - leaf
A: positive inotropic, negative chronotropic and vasoconstricts
I: CHF and arrhythmias
SE/T: narrow therapeutic window - OD can be lethal, yellow-green halo around objects, arrythmias
antidotes are potassium and digoxin antibodies
CI: hypokalemia, hyper/hypocalcemia, hypomagnesium, ventricular arrhythmias, kidney failure, severe carditis
P/L
Intx: many - just avoid in general
Dioscorea villosa - root
A: spasmolytic, anti-rheumatic, AI
I: menstrual issues: dysmenorrhea, spasms of SM anywhere, endometriosis, PMS, acute RA, OA, myalgias
SE/T: None
CI: None
Intx: None
Echinacea spp - root/leaf/flower
A: modulates the immune system, anti-catarrhal, AM, vulnerary, modulates inflammation
I: infections and inflammation anywhere
*skin conditions
*cancer
SE/T: None
CI: may exacerbate AI dz
Intx: None
Eleutherococcus senticosus - root
A: modulates immunity and supports the adrenals
I: infx in general, fatigue, hypoadrenocorticisim
SE/T: None
CI: exacerbate AI dz in some. can be stimulating and cause insomnia, anxiety, irritability
*avoid taking late in day to avoid insomnia
Intx: may counteract the effect of immunosuppressive drugs
Ephedra sinica - stem
A: alpha adreneric agonist = bronchodilates, anti-cough/secretory, vasoconstricts, constricts urinary SM, stabilizes mast cells
I: sinusitis, asthma, COPD, urinary incontinence, allergic rhinitis
SE/T: safe short term - chronic OD: vertigo, diaphoresis, tremor, urinary retention, arrythmias, seizures, MI, strokes, HTN, death - LOW DOSE HERB
CI: HTN, DM, hyperthyroidism, BPH, glaucoma, CAD, high dosage
P/L
Intx: potentiated by caffeine, potentiates SE of MAOis
synergist with alpha/beta adrenergic agonist and may interfere with their blockers
synergy with amphetamines
Equisetum arvense - dried stem
A: alterative, diuretic
I: acne, skin dz, lower UTI
SE/T: chronic usage may interfere with thiamine
CI: None
Intx: None
Eschscholzia californica - aerial
A: nervine, hypnotic, antispasmodic, anodyne
I: nerve related pain management, insomnia, anxiety
SE/T: potentiates other sedatives
CI: P/L
Intx: barbiturates, dopaminergics, analgesics, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, MAOIs, SSRIs
Eucalyptis globulus - leaf
A: AM, counterirritant
I: URTI, OA, RA, S/S
SE/T/CI: VO in high doses are toxic and lethal
OD = irregular breathing, depression and hypotension
topical use or internal use of small doses are safe
CI: pregnancy
Intx: None
Eupatorium perfoliatum - leaf
A: Diaphoretic, stimulates immune system, anti-catarrhal
I: fever, infx
SE/T: None
CI: high fever, chronic usage, hepatotocity, and usage with other hepatotoxic drugs
Intx: avoid with other hepatotoxic drugs
Eupatorium purpureum - root
A: anti-lithic, anti-rheumatic, diurtic
I: urolithiasis, gout, AR
SE/T: None
CI: chronic usage, hepatotoxicity, and usage with other hepatotoxic drugs
Intx: avoid with other hepatotoxic drugs
Euphrasia stricta - leaf
A: name derived from brightening the eye by reducing inflammation but does NOT have effects on vision
I: modulates inflammation, anti-allergy - Alleric rhinitis and conjunctivitis and sinusitis
SE/T: None
CI: None
Intx: None
Foeniculum vulgare - fruit
A: carminative, spasmolytic, phytoestrogen
I: infant colic, dyspepsia, gas, IBS
*hyper/hypoestrogen states
SE/T: OD of VO could be toxic
CI: GERD, obstruction, high doses of VO
Intx: None
Fucus vesiculosus - whole
A: anti-hypothyroid, antirheumatic
I: hypothyroidism, RA
SE/T: prolonged ingestion can affect GI absorption of iron, sodium, potassium = abnormal CBC and diarrhea
CI: hyperthyroid, prolonged use because high iodine), P/L
Intx: levothyroxine, amiodarone, lithium, carbimazol
Galium aparine - leaf
A: alterative
I: acne, eczema, lower UTI, urolithiasis
SE/T: None
CI: None
Intx: None
Ganoderma lucidum - cap/mycelium
A: deep immune activator and anti-cancer and nervine
I: insomnia, allergies
*cancer tx - during chemo/radiation/adjunct tx
*infections
SE/T: dark stool
CI: organ transplant and mold sensitivity
Intx: potentiates reserpine, chlorpromazine, amphetamines
Gelsemium sempervirens - root
A: anodyne, sedative, induces labor
I: pain, insomnia, induction of labor
SE/T: excessive doses = sedative, hypotension, hypothermia, respratory failure, ptosis, convulsions
CI: P/L
Intx: None
Gentiana lutea - root
A: bitter digestive stimulant
I: any condition that you need to stimulate digestion
SE/T: None
CI: active PUD, gastritis, hyperchlorhydria, GERD, obstruction, acute diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis
Intx: increased gut motility = decreased absorption
Geranium maculatum - root
A: styptic because tannins and binds discharge, venotonic
I: hemorrhage, HMB, varicosities, hemorrhoiids, PUD
SE/T: None
CI: long term usage and total suppression of diarrhea
Intx: tannins may reduce drug absorption so avoid taking together
Ginkgo biloba - leaf
A: anti-atherosclerosis, anti-platelet, anti-neoplastic, nootopic
I: cerebrovscular insufficiency, dementia, poor memory, fatigue, stroke recovery, HA, migraine
SE/T: hypotension and anti-platelet effects so may lead to bleeding in some
CI: bleeding diathesis, combining with other anticoagulant drugs and hx o hemorrhagic stroke
Intx: avoid combining with other anticoagulant drugs
Glycyrrhiza glabra - root
A: saponins: decreases degradation of cortisol in liver and kidney = modulates inflammation, decreases testosterone synthesis, anti viral
Flavonoids: modulates inflam/immuno, demulcent
Polysaccharids: demulcent and modulates immunity
I: does everything - lots of GI/Liver, hormone balancing, antiinflammatory dz, neuralgia, infx, CFS
SE/T: None at therapeutic dosages - OD = weakness, rhabdomolysis, edema, kidney failure, HTN encephalopathy
CI: HTN, hyperaldosteronism, estrogen-depedent cancers, chronic OD
Intx: potassium decreases toxicity, increases corticosteroids
EXTREME caution if mineralocorticoids
synergy with other potassium depleting drugs
Grindelia robusta - flower bud
A: modulates inflam, relaxing expectorant
I: spasmadic cough, URTI, asthma
SE/T: None
CI: None
Intx: None
Gymnema sylvestre - leaf
A/I: diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, high cholesterol, dysglycemic
SE/T: None
CI: GERD
Intx: reduces insulin requirements and potentiated hypoglycemics
Hamamelis virginiana - bark
A: styptic, astringent, venotonic
I: mild hemorrhagic, thrombophlebitic, varicosities, hemorhoids, diarrhea
SE/T: none
CI: long-term and complete suppression of diarrhea
Intx: tannins can reduce drug absorption so avoid together
Harpagophytum procumbens - tuber
A: bitter digestive stimulant, modulates inflam, and anti-rheumatic
I: stimulates digestive system for all dz, OA, RA, gout
SE/T: none
CI: active PUD, gastritis, hyperchlohydria, GERD, obstruction, acute diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis
Intx: increased gut motility = decreased absorption
Humulus lupulus - strobile
A: hypnotic, phytoestrogen, bitter digestive stimulant, nervine
I: insomnia, digestive issues, estrogen issues, menopause
SE/T: none
CI: active PUD, gastritis, hyperchlohydria, GERD, obstruction, acute diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis
*long term usage in men can cause gynecomastia and low libido
Intx: increased gut motility = decreased absorption
Hydrangea arborescens - root
A: anti-prostate, diuretic, anti-stones
I: prostatitis, BPH, urolithiasis, dysuria, cystitis, acute nephritis/pyelonephritis with CVA tenderness
SE/T: none
CI: None
Intx: None
Hydrastis canadensis - root
A: bitter digestive stimulant, antimicrobial, immune modulation
I: all digestive complaints that need stimulation
*any infx + cancer
SE/T: none
CI: active PUD, gastritis, hyperchlohydria, GERD, obstruction, acute diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis, hepatitis
Pregnancy (3rd trimester) and long term
Intx: may interfere with tetracycline and high doses may interfere with B vitamin metabolism
Hyoscyamus niger - leaf
A/I: blocks acetylcholine receptors = SNS reaction = decreased pain and spasms in urinary tract, IC
SE/T: tachycardia, hyperventilation, sleepiness, hallucinations, dysphagia, convulsions, coma, death
*SHORT TERM AND LOW DOSE - most oxic of any anticholingeric herb
CI: BPH or other causes of urinary retention, tachycardia, arrhythmias, closed-angel glaucoma, pulmonary edema, GI stenosis, megacolon
P/L/Kids
Intx: potentiates anticholinergics - TCA, amantadine, quinidine, phenothiazine, antipsychotic, antagonizes cisapride
Inula helenium - root
A: anti-parasitic, mixed relaxing and stimulating expectorant
I: asthma, COPD, cough, URTI, intestinal parasites
SE/T/CI: avoid VO topically
Intx: PA can interfere with absorption avoid taking together
Iris versicolor - root
A: cholagogue and choleretic, anti-rheumatic
I: biliary issues: insufficiency, dyskinesia
*skin dz
*liver issues: hepatitis
*OA, RA, myalgas
SE/T: *low dose herb, and avoid chronic usage because can be lethal at high doses
**safe at therapeutic dosages for short term*
CI: active PUD, gastritis, hyperchlohydria, GERD, obstruction, acute diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis, hepatitis, cholecystitis
P/L/kids
Intx: None
Juglans nigra - fruit
A: anti-parasitic
I: parasites
SE/T: contains juglone = carcinogenic?
CI: pregnancy and long-term internal usage
Intx: None
Juniper communis - fruit
A: aromatic digestive stimulant, AM, Anti-rheum
I: all things that need GI stimulation
*UTI infx and other infx
*OA/RA/myalgias
SE/T: None
CI: major liver disease, over large broken skin
Pregnancy and long-term in large dosages
Intx: None
Larrea tridentata - leaf/flower
A: anti-allergy, AM, AO, anticancer
I: allergies, HSV topically, infx, Allergic rhinitis
SE/T: None
CI: ??
Intx: None
Leonurus cardiaca - leaf
A: anti-arrthymic, bitter digestive stimulant, uterine tonic
I: PMS and meno sx
*all things that require digestive stimulant
SE/T: None
CI: active PUD, gastritis, hyperchlohydria, GERD, obstruction, acute diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis, hepatitis, cholecystitis
Intx: None
Leptandra virginica - root
A/I: bitter digestive stimulant and hepatotonic
SE/T: None
CI: active PUD, gastritis, hyperchlohydria, GERD, obstruction, acute diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis, hepatitis, cholecystitis
Intx: increased gut motility = decreased absorption
Ligusticum porteria - root
A: AM, stimulates immune system, inhibits platelet aggregation
I: infx, angina
SE/T: None
CI: allergy to herb
Intx: interaction with warfarin
Ligustrum lucidum - fruit
A: immunomodulating
I: infx and cancer
SE/T: None
CI: None
Intx: May interfere with immunosuppressive drugs
Linus usitatissimum - seed/oil
A: demulcent, antithrombotic, emollient, laxative
I: constipation, GI irritation, hormone balancing
*catarrh, cough, bronchitis
SE/T: Cyanogenic glycoside can be toxic
CI: None
Intx: Aromatase inhibitors, 5 alpha reductase inhibitors, potentates anticoagulants
Lobelia inflata - leaf/flower/seed
A: stimulating expectorant d/t piperidine alkaloid, spasmolytic, parturificient
I: wet/spasmodic cough, asthma, URTI, induces labor
SE/T: OD = respiratory depression - LOW DOSE HERB
CI: dry cough, builemia, infants
P/L
Intx: None
Lomatium dissectum - root
A/I: anti-viral
SE/T: measles - like itchy rash
CI: high doses of unprocessed herbs
Intx: None
Lycopus virginicus - leaf
A: Suppresses thyroid and gonadotropin production and relaxing
I: hyperthyroidism
SE/T: hypothyroidism, infertility, hormone imbalance d/t multiple suppressive effects on pituitary and thyroid but its all theoretical
CI: infertility, desire to become pregnant
P/L/K
Intx: may potentiate antithyroid drugs - methimazole and propylthiouracil
matricaria recutita - flower
I: skin conditions, wounds, N/V, colic, gas, gastritis, IBD, SM smasms, insomnia, anxiety, fever, etc.
SE/T: toxicity at high doses of VO
CI: high fever
Intx: increased gut motility = decreased absorption
Medicago sativa - leaf
A: phytoestrogen
I: endometriosis, estrogen issues, infertility, menopause
SE/T/CI: spoiled sprouts can cause lupus-like syndrome
Intx: None
Melaleuca alternifolia - oil
A: anti-fungal and antimicrobial
I: dermatophytosis, onchymycosis, acne, thrus, staph skin infx
SE/T: skin irritation but generally safe topically
*****internal usage = neurotoxic = AVOID
CI: large broken skin, dermatitis, internal usage
Intx: None
Melissa officinalis - leaf
A: anti-thyroid/HSV, spasmolytic, hypnotic, nervine
I: hyperthyroidism, herpes, anxiety, insomnia, dyspepsia, IBS, colic, gas
SE/T: None
CI: hypothyroidism and GERD
Intx: None
Mentha piperita - leaf
A: carminative, spasmolytic, anti-emetic
I: cholelithiasis, colic, dyspepsia, N/V, smooth muscle spasms
*OA, RA, S/S
SE/T: internal VO can be neurotoxic = avoid internally
CI: GERD, G6PD def, high dosage VO
Intx: None
Mitchella repens - leaf
A: parturifacient, uterine tonic, emmenagogue
I: dysmenorrhea, infertility, fibroids, menorrhagic, facilitates and stimulates labor
SE/T: None
CI: EARLY pregnancy, SAFE in late pregnancy
Intx: None
Momordica charantia - fruit
A: bitter digestive stimulant, anti-parasitic, anti-diabetic, changes inflam/immunity
I: all things GI stimulating
*DM, parasisits, HIV/AIDS, dry cough
SE/T: None but theoretic concern of hypoglycmia
CI: gastritis, hyperchlohydria, GERD, obstruction, acute diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis, hepatitis, cholecystitis
wet cough
Intx: increased gut motility = decreased absorption
Olea europaea - leaf
A/I: HTN, viral infx, gut hypotonicity, bitter digestive stimulant
SE/T: None
CI: hyperactive gut
Intx: None
Panax ginseng and quinquefolius - root
A/I: modulates immunity, antidiabetic, phytoestrogen
SE/T: None
CI: may exacerbate AI dz
Pregnancy
Intx: may interfere with immunosuppressive drugs
Verbena officinalis - leaf
A: balances the pituitary gland and nervine, stimulates digestion
I: all things menstruation and ovulation, lactation, low progesterone
*all things that require GI stimulation
SE/T: None
CI: active PUD, gastritis, hyperchlorhydria, GERD, obstruction, acute diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis, hepatitis, cholecystitis
Intx: None
Verbascum thapsus - flower/leaf/root
A: Demulcent and relaxing expectorant
I: OM, asthma, bronchitis, COPD, cough
SE/T: None
CI: None
Intx: None
Vitex agnus-castus - fruit
A: balances pituitary - increases LH, decreases FSH, galactagogue, emmenagogue
I: menstrual issues, lactation issues, low progesterone
SE/T: None
CI: Pregnancy and Impotence
*high doses can be anaphrodisiac
Intx: None
Capsicum frutescens - fruit/topical
A: stimulates substanced P production = decreases pain and inflammation
I: OA, RA, diabetic neuropathy, pruritis
SE/T: avoid in eyes and mucus membranes - can cause burning
CI: application to eyes or mucus membranes
Intx: None
Capsicum frutescens - fruit/internal
A: aromatic digestive stimulant, carminative, anti-catarrhal, spasmolytic, anti-platelet
I: all things that require GI stimulation
*hypercoagul states and atherosclerosis
*infections
SE/T: generally safe but OD = severe burning, abdominal pain and vomiting
CI: active PUD, gastritis, hyperchlohydria, GERD, obstruction, acute diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis, bleeding d/o, cholecystitis
Intx: can potentiate anticoagulants - warfarin, aspirin, heparin, etc
Cassia angustifolia - leaf/fruit
A: directly stimulates BM
I: use short term for atonic constipation
SE/T: internal = abdominal cramps and colic, harmless red urine and feces
Pseudomelanosis coli
toxicity can occur if over 10 days, recurrent usage can cause electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, muscle and kidney destruction with hematuria and albumineria
Can also provoke reflex contraction in uterus if taking when pregnant which can lead to miscarriage
CI: usage for more than 10 days, bulimia, obstruction, children under 12 yo
Pregnancy - SAFE WITH LACTATION
Intx: decreased TT = changes of absorption
*avoid taking with drugs that cause hypokalemia or have SE at same time - cardiac glycosides, diuretics, antiarrthymics, corticosteroids
Caulophyllum thalictroides
A: uterine tonic and facilitates labor
I: menstrual issues, infertility issues
*facilitates labor and delivery
SE/T: HTN
CI: early pregnancy
Intx: None
Ceanothus americanus - root
A: protects and restores the liver and lymphatic system
I: hepatitis, fatty liver, enlarged spleen, lymphadenopathy
SE/T: None
CI: None
Intx: None
Centella asiatica - whole herb
A: vulnerary, antifibrotic, inhibits scar formation
I: varicosities and hemorrhoids, hypertrophic scars, wounds, ulcers
SE/T: None
CI: None
Intx: None
Chamaelirium luteum - root
A: uterine tonic
I: all things menstrual, menopause, estrogenic, miscarriage, fibroids, etc.
SE/T: None
CI: early pregnancy
Intx: None
Chelidonium majus - leaf
A: choleretic and cholagogue
I: biliary insufficiency and prevents gallstones
SE/T: None
CI: biliary obstruction, hepatic failure, acute diarrhea, acute cholithiasis, acute hepatitis, acute cholecystitis
P/L
Dried plant: only fresh is active
Intx: None
Chionanthus virginicus - bark
A: cholagogue, laxative, anti-emetic
I: liver and GB dysfunction, biliary insufficiency, GB stones, constipation
SE/T: None
CI: biliary obstruction
Intx: None
Cineraria maritima - leaf
A/I: anti-cataract if applied topically ONLY
SE/T: hepatotoxic if internal usage
CI: internal usage d/t pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Intx: avoid with other hepatotoxic drugs
Cinnamomum zeylanicum - bark
A: aromatic digestive stimulant, anti-diabetic, styptic
I: GI stimulation, hemorrhage, menorrhagic, metrorrhagic, diarrhea (tannins)
SE/T: high dosages of VO = convulsions, pulmonary edema, liver damage
**tannins can interfere with absorption of herbs and meds - TAKE APART
CI: gastritis, hyperchlohydria, GERD, obstruction, acute diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis
Intx: tannins may reduce absorption so avoid in combo
Coleus forskihlii - root
A/I: HTN, allergies, asthma, hypothyroidism, glaucoma, dilated cardiomyopathy (activates adenylate cyclase)
SE/T: None
CI: caution with active PUD
Intx: may potentiate warfarin and digoxin
Commiphora molmol - resin
A: AM, AO
I: infectious vaginitis and other infx
SE/T: None
CI: None
Intx: May interfere with absorption of lipophilic drugs
Commiphora mukul - gum/resin
A: hypolipidemic
I: elevated LDL, hyperlipidemia, hypothyroidism
SE/T: None
CI: IBD, hyperthyroidism, coagulation d/t, P/L
Intx: propranolol and diltiazem
Convallaria majalis - leaf
A: positive inotropic, negative chronotropic, vasoconstricts
*milder than digitalis
I: CHF and arrhythmias
SE/T: yellow-green halos, bradycardia, arrythmias but generally no SE at therapeutic dosages
OD = wider therapeutic window than digitalis but OD can still be lethal
antidote: potassium
CI: hypokalemia/magnesemia, hyper or hypocalcemia, ventricular arrhythmias, kidney failure, severe carditis
P/L
Intx: Many - just avoid altogether
Cordyceps sinensis - caps/mycelium
A: bronchodilators, anticancer, antibiotic
I: acute infx, anemia, protects bone marrow, fatigue, asthma
SE/T: None
CI: None
Intx: None
Corydalis spp. - rhizome
A: STRONG analgesic, hypnotic, sedative
I: pain management because works on CNS (dysmenorrhea)
* protects against ulcers forming from aspirin
SE/T: None
CI: Pregnancy
Intx: Potientiates barbiturates
Crataegus spp. - leaf/flower/fruit
A: anti-atherosclerotic, antiHTN, positive inotropic, negative chronotropic
I: CHF, angina, arrhtyhmia, capillary fragility, HTN (mild)
SE/T: None
CI: none
Intx: tannins may reduce absorption of drugs so avoid taking together
Curcuma longa - rhizome
A: protects liver and modulates inflammation
I: prevents gallstones, hepatitis, cancer, IBS
*any inflammatory conditions
SE/T: None
CI: none
Intx: None
Cynara scolymus - leaf
A/I: hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, and any dz that needs digestive stimulation
SE/T: None
CI: active PUD, gastritis, hyperchlohydria, GERD, obstruction, acute diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis
Intx: increased gut motility = decreased absorption of drugs
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi - leaf
A: urinary anti-septic
I: bacterial lower UTI
SE/T: Uva ursi + cranberry + vitamin C = CI
avoid chronic usage beacuse can be toxic and OD = delirium, convulsions, collapse, death
CI: Pregnancy and usage for more than 10 days
Intx: None
arnica montana - flower
A: vulnerary and anodyne
I: topical: bruises, S/S, small wounds and ulcers
SE/T: NS issues, tachy/bradycardia, HTN, dyspnea, collapse, death, cardiac damage - if internal
CI: large areas of broken skin, internal usage of large doses
P/L
Intx: None
Artemisia absinthum - leaf
A: bitter, carminative, antibug and worm, antidepressant
I: use if need GI stimulation, depression, and worms
SE/T: abortion, severe diarrhea, urinary retention, stupor, convulsions, paralysis, death from VO
CI: internal large doses due to thujone, active peptic ulcers, gastritis, hypochlor, GERD, obstruction, etc.
Intx: None
Artemisia annua - leaf
A: antiparasitic and anticancer
I: malaria, parasites, cancer
SE/T: generally safe but high dosages of VO = neurotoxic
CI: None
Intx: None
Artemisia vulgaria - leaf
A: bitter, stimulant, nervine
I: depression, amenorrhea, and any GI dz that needs stimulation
SE/T: None but has thujone as VO
CI: active PUD, gastritis, hyperchlohydria, GERD, obstruction, acute diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis, hepatitis, cholecystitis
P/L
Allergy to Asteraceae family
Intx: None
Asclepias tuberosa - root
A/I: infx and congestion of upper respiratory tract
SE/T: None
CI: Pregnancy
Intx: Cardiac glycosides in herb potentiate activity of cardiac glycosides in other plants
Aspidosperma quebracho - bark
A/I: stimulating expectorant for a WET cough
SE/T: high dose = N/V
CI: dry cough
P/L/infants
Intx: None
Astragalus membranaceus - root
A: modulates immune system
I: infections in general, cancer, AI dz
SE/T: None
CI: may exacerbate AI dz
Intx: None
Atropa belladonna - leaf/root
A/I: spasmolytic for all SM spasms
anodyne for pain, PMS, dysmenorrhea
secretolytic: esophageal reflux, PUD, hyperchlorhydria
Other: PD, tremors
SE/T: mydriasis, tachycardia, hyperventilation, confusion, hallucinations, dysphagia, coma, death
SHORT TERM AND LOW DOSE
CI: BPH or other causes of urinary retention, tachycardia, arrhythmias, closed-angel glaucoma, pulmonary edema, GI stenosis, megacolon
P/L/Kids
Intx: potentiates anticholinergics - TCAs, amantadine, quindine, phenothiazine, antipsychotics
antagonizes cisapride
Avena sativa - seed
A: anxiolytic, nervine, very nutritions and hypolipidemia
I: anxiety, high lipids, OP
SE/T: None
CI: None
Intx: None
Bacopa monierri - aerial
A: nootropic, nervine, and neutroprotective, thyroid stimulating
I: memory, concentration, ADHD, Alzheimers, hypothyroidism
SE/T: None
CI: Saponins can aggrevate GERD
Intx: phenytoin - may decrease mental fog when taken together
Baptisia tinctoria - root
A/I: infections ingeneral
SE/T: tachypnea, tachycardia, respiratory paralysis
CI: long-term and high dosage
P/L
Intx: None
Berberis aquifolium - root
A: bitter digestive stimulant
I: modulates inflam for skin dz and acne
infx - any
SE/T: None
CI: active PUD, gastritis, hyperchlohydria, GERD, obstruction, acute diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis, hepatitis, cholecystitis
P/L
Intx: increased gut motility = decreased absorption
Berberis vulgaris - root
A: AM, cholagogue, choleretic, antiparasitic, bitter tonic
I: dz that needs GI stimulation
*H pylori infx and other infx
*hepatitis, liver dz
SE/T: None
CI: active PUD, gastritis, hyperchlohydria, GERD, obstruction, acute diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis, hepatitis, cholecystitis, dz with hyperbilirubin
P/L
Intx: potentiates barbiturates
Boswellia serrata - resin
A: modulates inflammation
I: asthma, UC, OA, RA, etc.
SE/T: None
CI: None
Intx: None
Bryonia spp. - root
A: anodyne, sedative, modulates immunity
I: pain, pleurisy, infx, ovarian cysts
SE/T: weak pulse, hypothermia, pupil dilation, delirium/dizziness
CI: P/L
Intx: None
Calendula officinalis - flower
A/I: dermatitis, wounds, skin ulcers, prostatitis, gingivitis
SE/T: None
CI: none
Intx: None
Camellia sinensis - leaf
A: anti-tumor, AM, stimulant, diuretic, anti-obesity
I: prevents cancer, infx, weight loss, GI stimulation with black tea
SE/T: insomnia, tremors, aggitation d/t caffeine, hepatitis
CI: Children, beriberi, thiamine deficiency
Pregnancy
Intx: reduces iron absorption (add lemon to tea to counter act this)
warfarin, MAOIS, adenosine, clozapine, barbiturates, benzos, Beta blockers, lithium, aspirin, OCPs, phenytoin, MTX
Cannabis sativa - aerial/seeds
A: Analgesic, sedative, anti-emetic, hypotensive
I: cancer, HTN, pain management, anxiety, depression, neuropathy, glaucoma, N/V
SE/T: paranoia, anxiety, panic, decreased LH/FSH, infertility, impaired judgment, diminished REM sleep
CI: may decrease sex hormones, FHx schizophrenia, prolonged inhalation, driving within 8 hours
P/L
Intx: potentiates alcohol, opiates, barbiturates
Capsella bursa-pastoris - leaf
A: styptic
I: bleeding d/o
SE/T: None
CI: major bleeding cause its not effective
Intx: may interfere with anticoagulants
