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Cordon Bleu Wine Management - Vineyards > Bordeaux > Flashcards

Bordeaux Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the name of the estuary and 2 rivers that run through Bordeaux?

A

Gironde splits into Dordogne (N), Garonne (S)

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2
Q

At was northern parallel does Bordeaux sit?

A

45th

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3
Q

Is frost common in Bordeaux? Why?

A

No - maritime influences regulate temperature

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4
Q

What is the weather like in Bordeaux?

A

Maritime influence, long, warm summers and heavy rainfall in spring and autumn

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5
Q

What is the general soil structure of the right and left banks of Bordeaux?

A

Left bank - gravel mixed with limestone and clay

Right bank - limestone, some clay

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6
Q

What is the general soil structure of Entre-Deux-Mers?

A

Sandy soil with limestone

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7
Q

Why is Cabernet Sauvignon favoured on the left bank of Bordeaux?

A

Better drainage from gravel soils, heat retention from pebbles helps ripen grapes

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8
Q

What are the main white grapes of Bordeaux?

A

Semillon (47%)
SB (45%)
——-
Sauv G, Colombard, Ugni Blanc, Merlot Blanc (2%)

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9
Q

What are the main red grapes of Bordeaux?

A

Merlot (66%)
CS (22.5%)
CF (9.5%)
———-
Petit verdot, Malbec, Carmenere (2%)

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10
Q

What are some additional grapes proposed by the Union of Bordeaux winemakers to deal with the effects of climate change?

A

Touriga nacional, Marselan, Albariño, Liliorila

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11
Q

What are the 3 regional AOPs of Bordeaux?

A

AOP Bordeaux (1936)
AOP Bordeaux Superieur (1943)
AOP Crémant de Bordeaux (1990)

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12
Q

Describe the wines of AOP Bordeaux

A
  • Red, rosé, clairet, dry and sweet whites
  • Mainly from entre-deux-mers
  • Main white grapes min. 70%
  • Main red grapes min. 80%
  • Min maturation 31st dec.
  • 450m bottles produced annualy
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13
Q

Describe the wines of AOP Bordeaux Superieur

A
  • Dry reds and sweet white wines
  • Less yield than AOP Bordeaux
  • Min maturation June 15th following year
  • Higher RS requirements for sweet whites (17-60g/l)
  • 60 million bottles
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14
Q

Describe the wines of AOP Crémant de Bordeaux

A
  • White and rosé sparkling wines made in trade method
  • Min 9 months lees contact
  • Max alc. 13%
  • 6 million bottles annually
  • Min 70% main white grapes
  • Blending of whites and reds permitted for rosé
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15
Q

Provide an overview of the wines and terroir of Médoc

A
  • Was a swamp until 17th century
  • Soil is “Graves” a mix of clay, limestone and gravel
  • Major grape is CS, merlot too
  • Very flat
  • Most oceanic influence
  • The only area to which the 1855 classification applies
  • 2 sub regional AOPs, 6 village AOPs
  • 100% still, dry reds
  • All red Bordeaux varieties are permitted, focus on CS, Merlot
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16
Q

What are the 2 regional AOPs of Medoc?

A

AOP Medoc (1936)
AOP Haut Medoc (1936)

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17
Q

Describe the region of AOP Médoc

A
  • 5500ha
  • Min maturation 31st may year after harvest
  • Most affordable wines of the Medoc
  • Less gravel, meaning heaver soils that don’t drain as well. Hence more merlot here than Medoc village appellations
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18
Q

Describe the region of AOP Haut-Médoc

A
  • 4600ha
  • Min maturation 31st May year following harvest
  • The large southern region of the greater Medoc district
  • Considered far superior quality to AOP Medoc, greater amounts of gravel soil
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19
Q

What are the 6 commune AOPs of Médoc?

A

Saint-Estèphe
Pauillac
Saint-Julien
Listrac-Médoc
Moulis-en-Médoc
Margaux

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20
Q

Provide an overview of AOP Saint-Estephe

A
  • 1230ha
  • AOP 1936
  • Northernmost commune of Medoc
  • More clay soils, favours a higher proportion of merlot
  • Higher acid, harsher tannins due to less gravel
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21
Q

List some top Chateaus of AOP Saint Estephe

A

Cos d’Etournel
Chateau Montrose
Chateau Calon-Ségur

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22
Q

Provide an overview of AOP Pauillac

A
  • 1215ha
  • AOP 1936
  • Min mat. 1st June year after harvest
  • All gravel soils in the AOP qualify for AOP status
  • Full body, robust tannins
  • 3 of the 5 1er grand cru classés located here
  • Most expensive land in Bordeaux at €1.65m/ha
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23
Q

List some of the top Chateaus of AOP Pauillac

A

Mouton Rothschild
Lafite Rothschild
Chateau Latour
Lynch-Bages
Pontet-Canet

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24
Q

Provide an overview of AOP Sain-Julien

A
  • 910ha
  • AOP 1936
  • Min mat. 1st June year after harvest
  • No 1st grand cru classe vineyards, although many 2nd
  • Silky tannins, less body
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25
Q

List some top Chateaus of AOP Saint-Julien

A

Chateau Léoville-les-Casses
Léoville Poyferré
Léoville Barton
Ducru-Beaucaillou

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26
Q

Provide an overview of AOP Listrac-Medoc

A
  • 635ha
  • AOP 1957
  • Min mat. 31st August year after harvest
  • Limestone, clay soils
  • Further from the river - less heat and rainfall
  • Least appreciated commune AOP of Medoc
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27
Q

List some top Chateaus of AOP Listrac Medoc

A

Chateau Fourcas Dupré
Chateau Clarke

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28
Q

Provide an overview of AOP Moulis-en-Médoc

A
  • 630ha
  • Min maturation 1st June year after harvest
  • Less gravel, more clay, limestone
  • There are no classified growths in this AOP
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29
Q

List some top Chateaus of AOP Moulis-en-Médoc

A

Chateau Chasse-Spleen
Chateau Maucaillou
Chateau Poujeaux

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30
Q

Provide an overview of AOP Margaux

A
  • 1490ha (largest of Médoc commune AOPs)
  • AOP 1954
  • 20 Cru Classés, most of any commune AOP in Médoc
  • Produces smooth, silky wines
  • Soils have high gravel content, more CS as it ripens well
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31
Q

List some main Chateaus of AOP Margaux

A

Chateau Margaux
Chateau Brane-Cantenac
Chateau Marquis de Terme
Chateau Palmer

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32
Q

Provide a general description of the Graves & Pessac-Leognan region

A
  • Warmer climate
  • Gravel soils
  • CS dominates, but more merlot than the Medoc
  • A classification was carried out in 1953 for the reds, whites added 1959
  • Vineyards are under threat from Urbanisation of surrounding Bordeaux city
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33
Q

What are the 3 appellations of Graves/Pessac-Leognan?

A

AOP Graves
AOP Graves Superieures
AOP Pessac-Léognan

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34
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Graves

A
  • AOP 1937
  • Dry red, dry white
  • All Bordeaux Red grapes permitted
  • Min mat. 15th april
  • Merlot doominates
  • The creation of AOP Pessac-leognan in 1987 had a detrimental effect on the prestige of the AOP
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35
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Graves Superieur

A
  • AOP 1937
  • Sweet white wines only
  • Late harvest or botrytis
  • Muscadelle, Sem, SB, SG
  • Min rs 34 g/l
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36
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Pessac-Léognan

A
  • AOP 1987
  • Dry red, white
  • CS dominates
  • Soils are gravel (best for reds) or sandstone (whites)
  • Min mat. 15th september
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37
Q

List some top chateaus of AOP Pessac-Léognan

A
  • Chateau Haut-Bailly
  • Smith Haut Lafite
  • Haut Brion
  • La Mission Haut Brion
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38
Q

Describe the general wines of Le Sauternais

A
  • Borders the Garonne, crossed by the Ciron river
  • Semillon is 80% of plantings
  • Annual production < 6 million bottles
  • Sweet white wines, mostly with Botrytis (Cérons is exception)
39
Q

By what percentage does Botrytis decrease a grape’s water content?

A

60%

40
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Cérons

A
  • Sweet white only
  • 120ha
  • Min mat 15th april
  • With or without botrytis
  • Min sugar at harvest 221g/l
  • Movement towards making dry whites for $$
  • Flatter area, struggles more with botrytis and ripening than Barsac/Sauternes
41
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Barsac

A
  • AOP 1936
  • 390ha
  • Max yield 28hl
  • Sem, SB, Muscadelle
  • Min sugar 221g/l at harvest
  • Min RS 45g/l
  • Flat sand and limestone soils
  • Elegant sweet wines, not the same concentration as Sauternes
  • May mention Sauternes as AOP on label
  • Must be botrytis
42
Q

Describe the wines of AOP Sauternes

A
  • 2200ha
  • Only sweet white
  • Max yield 25hl
  • Min mat. 15th June
  • Sem, SB, SG, Muscadelle
  • Min sugar at harvest 221g/l
  • Min RS 45g/L
  • Normally 18-36 months oak mat.
  • Can be affected by frost
  • Ciron river is cold and provides misty mornings
43
Q

Describe the wines of Entre-Deux-Mers

A
  • Dry red, white, sweet white
  • Strong merlot production
  • Sandstone, clay, limestone
  • 10-100m in elevation
  • Located in between the Dordogne and Garrone rivers
44
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Sainte-Croix-du-Mont

A
  • 450 ha
  • Only sweet white
  • Max yield 44hl
  • Sem, Muscadelle, SB, SG
  • Late harvest/bot
45
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Loupiac

A
  • 244ha
  • Only sweet white
  • Max 44hl
  • Min mat. 15th jan
  • Min sugar at harvest is 238g/L for sem
46
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Cadillac

A
  • 128ha
  • Sweet white only
  • Min mat. 15th March
  • More botrytis influence than nearby appellations (small streams run through)
47
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Cadillac - Cotes De Bordeaux

A
  • Same area as AOP Cadillac
  • Dedicated to dry red production
  • Min mat 15th march
  • Merlot, CF, CS
48
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Entre-deux-mers

A
  • AOP 1937
  • 7500ha
  • Only dry whites
  • All Bordeaux white permitted
  • Mainly SB, some Sem, Muscadelle
  • San and clay soils
  • Normally unoaked
49
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Graves de Vayres

A
  • AOP 1937
  • 600ha
  • Dry red, white
  • All Bordeaux grapes allowed
  • Some gravel deposits, more CS
  • Min mat 1st may
50
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Sainte-Foy-Cotes-de-Bordeaux

A
  • AOP 2009
  • 500ha
  • Dry red, sweet white
  • All Bordeaux grapes permitted
  • Mostly red, merlot dominant
  • Furthest east of Entre-deux-mers
  • Chateau Hostens-Picant is the most well known winery here
51
Q

What is the name of the left bank of Bordeaux?

A

Le Libournais

52
Q

Describe the wines and production of Le Libournais

A
  • Merlot, CF, CS are dominant varieties
  • Tend to be much smaller producers in size than the left bank - domaines average 5ha
  • Heavy focus on satellite appellations
53
Q

Describe the geology of St Emilion

A

LIMESTONE PLATEAU
- Located at the top of the mountain
- Produces quality merlot
- Best chateaus are located here
SOUTH
- Alluvial sandy soils
- Not as good quality
NORTHWEST
- Alluvial, gravel soils
- Cabernet family grapes perform well here
- E.g. Figeac, Cheval Blanc
- Neighbours Pomerol

54
Q

List the AOPs of Saint Emilion in heirarchy

A

AOP Saint Emilion
AOP Saint Emilion Grand Cru
AOP Saint Emilion Grand Cru Classé
AOP Saint Emilion Premier Grand Cru Classé
AOP Saint Emilion Premier Grand Cru Classé A

55
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Saint Emilion

A
  • AOP 1936
  • 5500ha
  • All dry reds
  • Max yield 53hl
  • All Bordeaux reds allowed PV max 10%
  • Min mat. 15th march
  • Clay and chalk rich soils
  • Merlot dominates
  • 30mil bottles produced annually
  • Lowest of the St Em AOPs
56
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Saint Emilion Grand Cru

A
  • AOP 1954
  • 5500ha
  • Max yield 46hl
  • Min mat may 15th, can’t be sold until 1st Feb, 2nd year after harvest
  • 20mil bottles produced
57
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Saint Emilion Grand Cru Classé

A
  • AOP 1955
  • Same requirements as AOP St Em Grand Cru
  • Elevated status is approved by the commission
  • Candidates must submit a detailed application
58
Q

What is required to submit an application to become AOP Saint Emilion Grand Cru Classé?

A
  • Precise delimitation of the land
  • Evidence of the estate’s reputation
  • Description of technical factors
  • The winery must be visited at any time
  • 10 consecutive vintages are tasted for consistency and quality
59
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Saint Emilion Premier Grand Cru Classé (A)

A
  • AOP 1955
  • Same rules apply as AOP St Em Grand Cru Classé
  • Elevated wineries chosen by the commission
  • May include the even more elevated status of “A”
  • Reviewed every 10 years
60
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Lussac Sainte Emilion

A
  • AOP 1936
  • 1440ha
  • 100% dry red
  • Max yield 53hl
  • Min mat. 31st march
  • Northernmost of St Em satellite appellations
61
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Montage Saint-Emilion

A
  • AOP 1936
  • Dry red only
  • Max yield 53hl
  • Min mat 31st march
  • Largest satellite AOP
  • Terroir similar to AOP St Em
  • Considered the best of the satellite appellations
62
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Puisseguin-Saint-Emilion

A
  • AOP 1936
  • 753ha
  • Dry red only
  • Max yield 53hl
  • PV, Carmenere max 10%
  • Cabernet Franc max 15%
  • Min mat 31st march
  • Strict appellation laws - only certain areas within the appellation are approved to grow grapes
  • Clay limestone soils, scattered gravel, does well in dry vintages
63
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Cotes de Bordeaux Castillon

A
  • AOP 1936
  • 3000ha
  • Max yield 52hl
  • Merlot dominant
  • Carmenere max 10%
  • PV max 15%
  • Min mat 15th march
64
Q

Describe the wines of AOP Saint-Georges-Saint-Emilion

A
  • AOP 1936
  • 200ha
  • Max yield 53hl
  • Min mat 15th march
  • Smallest satellite appellation
65
Q

Describe the wines of AOP Francs Cotes de Bordeaux

A
  • AOP 1936
  • 3000ha
  • Max yield 52hl
  • Merlot is dominant
  • Carmenere max 10%
  • PV max 15%
  • Min mat march 31st
66
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Pomerol

A
  • AOP 1936
  • 813ha
  • Max yield 49hl
  • Merlot dom. 80% of plantings
  • Porous clay soils
  • No classification system
  • Min mat. 1st nov
67
Q

Describe the geology of AOP Pomerol

A
  • South and western parts have sandier soil, mixed with blue clay
  • Eastern section is richer in iron (Catusseau)
68
Q

Name the top producers of AOP Pomerol

A
  • Le Pin, Petrus, Chateau Lafleur, Vieux chateau Certan
69
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Lalande de Pomerol

A
  • AOP 1936
  • 1130ha
  • North of Pomerol
  • Min mat 15th march
  • Barbanne stream separates Pomerol from Lalande
70
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Fronsac

A
  • AOP 1937
  • 840ha
  • Min mat. 15th august
  • Sandstone, resistance to hot weather
  • West of Pomerol
  • Max yield 53hl
71
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Canon Fronsac

A
  • AOP 1939
  • 250ha
  • Merlot is dominant, CF
  • Min mat. 15th August
  • Borders the Dordogne
  • Max yield 53hl
  • Upper part produces better quality wine - more sandstone, limestone
72
Q

Describe the regulations of AOP Blaye-Cotes-de-Bordeaux

A
  • AOP 2009
  • 6490ha
  • Dry red, white
  • Grapes don’t ripen as well
  • Min mat Aug 15th
  • Merlot, CS, CF
73
Q

Describe the wines of AOP Cotes-de-Bourg

A
  • AOP 1936
  • 2950ha
  • Dry red, white
  • Merlot dominant
  • Clay, sand, gravel soils
74
Q

What is the local name for Cabernet Franc in Saint Emilion?

A

Bouchet

75
Q

What is the name of the parent Vitis to the cabernet family?

A

Vitis Biturica

76
Q

Who established Bordeaux? When?

A

Celts, 3rd century BC

77
Q

When did the Romans conquer Bordeaux?

A

60BC

78
Q

When did wine exports begin in Bordeaux

A

100AD

79
Q

What happened between 408-507AD

A

Vandals took over the region, destroying vineyards

80
Q

What royal event saw an increase in the popularity of Bordeaux’s wines?

A

The Wedding of Henry II in 1152, Bordeaux wines were served

81
Q

What was the name of the brotherhood established to supervise winemaking in St Emilion?

A

The Jurade of Saint-Emilion

82
Q

What halted Bordeaux exports in the 14th century?

A

100 year war, followed by Black death

83
Q

How did the Dutch change Bordeaux’s wine trade?

A

16-18th century: Dutch merchants establish themselves in Bordeaux through the Protestant movement. Increase demand and trade of wines. Use draining techniques to turn Medoc from swamplands to vineyards

84
Q

Who was the first to suggest a classification of Bordeaux’s wines?

A

Thomas Jefferson, 1787

85
Q

What were the 4 chateaus distinguished in the first Medoc classification of 1816

A

Lafite, Latour, Margaux, Haut Brion

86
Q

How did the 1855 classification come to be?

A

Napoleon III asked for a classification of the left bank prior to the world expo

87
Q

Has the 1855 classification ever been updated? If so when, why?

A

Updated in 1973 to include Mouton-Rothschild as a 1st growth after years of campaigning from Baron Phillipe de Rothschild

88
Q

What grapes in Bordeaux were more widely planted prior to phylloxera

A

PV, Malbec were more widely planted than today, didn’t respond as well to grafting as current Bordeaux grapes

89
Q

What vintage in the 20th century caused the Bordeaux wine market to crash?

A
  1. Overvalued, burst the bubble
90
Q

What brought back the reputation of Bordeaux in the late 20th century?

A

Robert Parker’s love for Bordeaux, starting with the 1982 vintage

91
Q

What is Cru Bourgeouis? When was it established?

A

Established 1932, classified 444 Medoc producers that didn’t make the cut of Grand cru classé. Revised in 2010

92
Q

What is Cru Artisans?

A

A lesser classification of the Medoc

93
Q

What is the only chateau to be part of the 1855 classification + the Graves classification?

A

Chateau Haut Brion

Cordon Bleu Wine Management - Vineyards (14 decks)

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