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Anatomy Boot Camp > Boot camps Day 2.3 > Flashcards

Boot camps Day 2.3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the circulation of the heart?

A
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2
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3
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4
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5
Q

Explain the layers of the heart from superficial to deep (percardium and heart wall)

A
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6
Q

What is the function of the heart valves?

A

ensure unidirectional blood flow through
the heart

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7
Q

What are the two sets of valves?

A
  • Atrioventricular (AV) valves
  • Semilunar (SL) valves
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8
Q

Explain how the AV valves work?

A
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9
Q

Explain how the SL valves works

A
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10
Q

What is the blood flow path?

A
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11
Q

What are the major coronary arteries?

A
  • right coronar artery
  • right marginal artery
  • post. interventricular artery
  • left coronary artery
  • circumflex artery
  • ant. intervent. artery
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12
Q
A
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13
Q

What are the major cardiac veins

A
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14
Q

How does most coronary blood return to right atrium via what?

A

Most coronary blood returns to right atrium via the cardiac veins by way of the coronary sinus.

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15
Q

What is teh coronary sinus

A

– Large transverse vein in coronary sulcus on posterior side of heart
– Collects blood and empties into right atrium

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

What is present in the intercalated discs?

A

desosomes, gap jxns, and tight jxns

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

The intrinsic conduction system:
* Composed of what?
* Depolarization of the heart is what?
* What do 1% of cardiac cells have what?
* What ensures the heart contracts as a unit?

A
  • Composed of an internal pacemaker and nerve- like conduction pathways through myocardium
  • Depolarization of the heart is rhythmic and spontaneous
  • About 1% of cardiac cells have automaticity (are self-excitable)
  • Gap junctions ensure the heart contracts as a unit
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20
Q

What is the intrinsic conduction system?

A
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21
Q

What is the extrinsic regulation of heart activity?

A
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22
Q

What are electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) the action potentials generated by nodal and contractile cells detected, amplified and recorded by electrodes on arms, legs, and chest

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23
Q

What are the p wave, QRS complex and T wave?

A
  1. P wave: depolarization of SA node
  2. QRS complex: ventricular depolarization
  3. T wave: ventricular repolarization
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24
Q
A
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25
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

one complete contraction and relaxation of all four chambers of the heart

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26
Q

What are the cycle of events in heart?

A
  • Systole: contraction-> 1/3 in time
  • Diastole: relaxation-> 2/3 in time
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27
Q

Although “systole” and “diastole” can refer to contraction and relaxation of either type of chamber, they usually refer to what?

A

refer to the action of the ventricles

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28
Q

Explain the cardiac cycle

A
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29
Q

What is the cardiac output?

A

volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

30
Q

How do you calcuate CO?

A

CO= heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV)
* HR = number of beats per minute
* SV = volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat
* CO sometimes also called Q

31
Q

What is the normal CO?

A
32
Q

What is the maximal CO in nonathletic people and trained athletes?

A

– Maximal CO is 4–5 times resting CO in nonathletic people
– Maximal CO may reach 35 L/min in trained athletes

33
Q

What is the cardiac reserve?

A

– Cardiac reserve: difference between resting & maximal CO

34
Q

What is tachycardia? Why does this happen?

A

resting adult heart rate above 100 bpm
– Stress, anxiety, drugs, hear tdisease, or fever
– Loss of blood or damage to myocardium

35
Q

What is bradycardia? What is the reason?

A

resting adult heart rate of less than 60 bpm
– In sleep, low body temperature, and endurance-trained athletes

36
Q

What are positive and negative chronotropic agents?

A
  • Positive chronotropic agents — factors that raise the heart rate
  • Negative chronotropic agents — factors that lower the heart rate
37
Q

What is stroke volume? How do we calculate SV?

A

Volume of blood ejected from each ventricle per beat
* SV=EDV-ESV

38
Q

What are the 3 main factors affects SV

A

preload, contractility and afterload

39
Q

Preload:
* What is it?
* What is frank-starling law of the heart?
* Ventricles eject how much?
* Increase preload=
* Increased venous return=

A
40
Q

Contractility
* What is it?
* Independent of what?
* impacts what?
* Increased contractility=

A
  • how hard the myocardium contracts for a given preload
  • independent of muscle stretch and EDV
  • Impacts ESV
  • Increased contractility = increased SV
41
Q

What is the positive inotropic or negative inotropic agents?

A
42
Q

Afterload:
* What is it?
* What must pressure do?
* Impacts what?
* Hypertension increases what?
* Increased afterload=

A
43
Q

What are arteries?

A

– Carry blood away from the heart
– Oxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of a fetus

44
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Contact tissue cells and directly serve cellular needs

45
Q

What are veins?

A

– Carry blood toward the heart
– Deoxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of a fetus

46
Q
A
47
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels?

A
48
Q

Arterial system:
* Vary by what?
* What are the three types?

A
  • Vary by size and function

Three types:
1. Conducting arteries
2. Distributing arteries
3. Arterioles

49
Q

Capillary beds:
* What is it?
* What is happening at any given time?
* Most control of folow involves what?

A
  • Networks of 10-100 capillaries
  • At any given time, three-fourths of body’s capillaries are
    shut down
  • Most control of flow involves constriction of arterioles that are upstream from the capillaries
49
Q

Three structural types distinguished by ease with which substances pass through their walls (permeability): (3)

A
  1. Continuous capillaries
  2. Fenestrated capillaries
  3. Sinusoidal capillaries
50
Q

Within the capillary bed, what controls the flow?

A

Within the capillary bed, precapillary sphincters control flow
– When sphincters are relaxed, capillaries are well perfused with blood
– When sphincters contract, they constrict the entry to the capillary and blood bypasses the capillary

51
Q
A
51
Q

Veins:
* What are they?
* Subjected to what?
* Collapse when?
* What is the characteristic?
* Larger veins have what?

A
  • Capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs)…“Old Sock”
  • Subjected to relatively low blood pressure
  • Collapse when empty, expand easily
  • Steady blood flow, low pressure
  • Larger veins have some smooth muscle allowing venomotor response
52
Q

What is the adaptations of veins?

A
  1. Larger lumens
  2. Valves prevent backflow of bloo
53
Q

Blood supply to a tissue can be expressed in terms of what?

A

flow and perfusion

54
Q

What is blood flow and perfusion?

A

– Blood flow: the amount of blood flowing through an organ, tissue, or blood vessel in a given time (mL/min.)
– Perfusion: the flow per given volume or mass of tissue in a given time (mL/min./g)

55
Q
  • At rest, total flow is what?
  • Average adult resting cardiac output is what?
A
  • At rest, total flow is quite constant, and is equal to the cardiac output
  • Average adult resting cardiac output= 5.25L/min
56
Q

What are the pressures of the vena cava, aortic and the delta P

A
57
Q
  • ∆P for systemic blood flow =
  • Central Venous Pressure (CVP) is what? What is special about that?
A
  • ∆P for systemic blood flow = MAP – CVP
  • Central Venous Pressure (CVP) is 2-8 mmHg…but this is so negligible that we ignore it and say that the driving pressure is equal to the MAP
58
Q

Explain how BP changes with distance?

A
59
Q

What is hypertension?

A
60
Q

What is hypotension?

A
61
Q

BP tends to rise with age: (2)

A
  • Arteriosclerosis—stiffening of arteries due to deterioration of elastic tissues of artery walls
  • Atherosclerosis—build up of lipid deposits that become plaques
62
Q
A
63
Q

BP determined by what?

A

cardiac output, blood volume, and resistance to flow

64
Q
  • CO regulated by what?
  • Blood Volume regulated by what?
  • Resistance influenced by what?
A
65
Q

the most imp blood blood in the body is where?

A

the capillaries

66
Q

Only through capillary walls are what?

A

exchanges made between
the blood and surrounding tissues

67
Q

What is capillary exchange?

A
68
Q

Venous return:
* What is it?
* What is the pressure gradient and the characterisitics?
* What drains blood from head and neck?

A
69
Q

What are the otehr mechanisms of venous return?

A

Anatomy Boot Camp (6 decks)

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