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Anatomy Boot Camp > Boot Camp Day 1.1 > Flashcards

Boot Camp Day 1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the body’s structural hierachy? (from most basic to most complex)

A
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2
Q
  • What is the system level?
  • How many systems are there in the human body + name them?
A
  • A system consists of related organs with a common function
  • 11 systems of the human body (DR. IRN MUSCLE)
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3
Q

What is organ system interrelationships?

A

Cells and organs work cooperatively in the
body to maintain well being

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4
Q

Note how different systems have an internal and external environment

A
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5
Q

What is homeostasis and what are some similar words?

A
  • Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes
  • A dynamic state of equilibrium-> bringing back to the set point (ex. temp is 37C stays even though temp outside changes)
  • Balance, constant internal environment, equilibrium and stable conditions
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6
Q
  • What does homeostatic control mechanisms involve?
  • What does the nervous and endocrine system accomplish?
  • Control mechanisms involve what and what feedback?
A
  • Involve continuous monitoring and regulation of many factors
  • Nervous (fast) and Endocrine (longer term/time) systems accomplish the communication via nerve impulses and hormones
  • Control mechanism involves several parts and makes use of negative feedback-> communicate and move back
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7
Q

Explain the components of a control mechanism (receptor, control center and effector

A

.

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8
Q

What is a negative feedback and what are examples?

A

The response reverses the original stimulus
* Regulation of body temperature (nervous mechanism)->Action potentions that send signals (sweat +shivering)
* Regulation of blood pressure (nervous mechanism) -> effector: smooth muscle
* Regulation of blood sugar (hormonal mechanism)-> effectors are insulin and glucogon

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9
Q

The term negative does not indicate what?

A

The term “negative” does not indicate a “bad or detrimental” effect, nor does it indicate that a change will always cause a decrease in a variable

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10
Q

Explain how negative feedback works in thermoregulation?

A
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11
Q

Explain negative feedback with the receptors, control center and effectors with cold and hot temperature

A

.

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12
Q

Explain the negative feedback with standing up and BP?

A
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13
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Self-amplifying cycle:
* Leads to greater change in the same direction
* Feedback loop is repeated — change produces more change

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14
Q

What are some examples of postivie feedback?

A

Normal way of producing rapid changes
* Examples include: childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, and generation of nerve signals

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15
Q

Is positive feedback always a good things?

A

Can sometimes be dangerous
– Example: vicious circle of runaway fever

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16
Q

What does the term positive indicate

A

The term “positive” does not indicate that a change will always cause an increase in a variable

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17
Q

Explain the feedback mechanism in childbirth

A
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18
Q

For the movements of synovial joins, what are the angular movements (Sagittal)?

A
  1. Flexion
  2. Extension
  3. Hyperextension-> can lead to damage

1 and 2 opposite actions

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19
Q

For the movements of synovial joints, what are the angular movements (frontal)?

A

i. Adduction: towards
ii. Abduction: away
iii. Circumduction: 360 degrees
iv. Rotation: turn but not 360 degrees

i and ii are opposite actions

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20
Q

For synovial joint movements what are the special movements?

A
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21
Q

What are gliding movements? What is an example?

A

One bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
* Example: carpal bones

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22
Q

Explain all the movements that occur along the sagital plane

A

i. Flexion — decreases the angle of the joint
ii. Extension — increases the angle of the joint
iii. Hyperextension — excessive extension beyond normal range of motion

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23
Q
A

Angular movements: flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the neck

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24
Q
A

Angular movements: flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the vertebral column

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25
Q
A

Angular movements: flexion and extension at the shoulder and knee

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26
Q

Explain the movements that occur along the frontal plane

A

i. Abduction — movement away from the midline
ii. Adduction — movement toward the midline
iii. Circumduction — flexion + abduction + extension + adduction of a limb so as to describe a cone in space – 360 degrees possible
iv. Rotation — turning of a bone around its own long axis – 360 degrees not possible

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27
Q
A

Angular movements: abduction, adduction, and circumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder

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28
Q
A

Rotation of the head, neck, and lower limb

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28
Q

Explain the special movements of (radius and ulna)

A

i. Supination (turning hand backward)
ii. Pronation (turning hand forward)
* Because radius turn over ulna

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29
Q

What are the special movements of the foot?

A

iii. Dorsiflexion (upward movement)
iv. Plantar flexion (downward movement)

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30
Q

What are two other special movements of the foot?

A

v. Inversion (turn sole medially) -> roll ankle
vi. Eversion (turn sole laterally)

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30
Q

What are the special movements in transverse plane?

A

vii. Protraction (anterior movement) viii.Retraction (posterior movement)

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31
Q

What are special movements that involve shoulders?

A

ix. Elevation (lifting a body part superiorly)
x. Depression (moving a body part inferiorly)

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32
Q

What is the special movement of the thumb?

A

Opposition of the thumb
– Movement in the saddle joint so that the thumb touches the tips of the other fingers

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33
Q

How many elements have a biological role? Which ones are major elements of the human body?

A
  • 24 elements have biological role
  • O, C, H, N, Ca, P make up about 98.5% of body mass
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34
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed up food chain to humans:
– Ca, P, Cl, Mg, K, Na, and S
– Constitute about 4% of body weight
– Important for body structure (Ca crystals in teeth, bones, etc.)
– Important for enzymes’ functions
– Electrolytes
* mineral salts (e.g NaCl)needed for nerve and muscle function

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35
Q

What is the atomic structure? When is an element more reactive?

A

Close to being an octet is more reactive

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36
Q

What are electroyltes?

A

– substances that ionize (form ions) in water and form solutions
capable of conducting electric current

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37
Q

What is the importance of electrolytes?

A

– Chemical reactivity, osmotic effects, electrical excitability of
nerve and muscle
– Electrolyte balance is one of the most important considerations in patient care (imbalances can lead to coma or cardiac arrest)

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38
Q

Electrons occupy up to _ electron shells (energy levels) around nucleus

A

seven

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39
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

Except for the first shell which is full with two electrons, atoms interact in a manner to have eight electrons in their outermost energy level (valence shell)

40
Q

What are single covalent bonds?

A
41
Q

What are double covalent bonds?

A
42
Q

What are ionic bonds and what happens after a transfer?

A
  • Ions are formed by transfer of valence shell electrons between atoms
  • Ion: atom with unequal number of protons to electrons so it can be a cation (+) or anion (-)
43
Q

What results in an ionic bond?

A

attraction of opposite charges

44
Q

What is the order of strongest to weakest bonds?

A
45
Q

What are nonpolar and polar bonds?

A
  • Nonpolar bond: electrons shared equally (strongest bond)
  • Polar bond: electrons shared unequally (spend more time near oxygen)
46
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom (electropositive) in one molecule and a slightly negative (electronegative) oxygen or nitrogen atom in another

47
Q
  • How are water molcules attracted to each other?
  • DNA and proteins are shaped by what?
A

– Water molecules are attracted to each other by hydrogen bonds
– Large molecules (DNA and proteins) shaped by hydrogen bonds within them-> temp and pH changes can denature them

48
Q

Why can a bug sit on the water?

A

A water strider can walk on a pond because of the high surface tension of water, a result of the combined strength of its hydrogen bonds

49
Q

What are the different chemical reactions and what happens to the energy in each?

A
50
Q

What are reversible reactions and what is an example (why it is important)

A

e.g.
– Can go in either direction under different circumstances
– Symbolized with double-headed arrow

EX: CO2 +H2O↔H2CO3↔H+ +HCO3-
* An important reaction in respiratory, urinary, digestive physiology (basic: increase in CO2, acidic: decrease in CO2)

51
Q

What is the law of mass action?

A

Direction of reaction determined by the relative abundance of substances on either side of the equation
* More abundant substances serve as reactants

Reach equilibrium when ratio of products to reactants is stable

52
Q

What is metabolism?

A

all chemical reactions of the body

53
Q

What is catabolism and anabolism?

A
54
Q

How is catabolism and anabolism linked?

A

Catabolism and anabolism are inseparably linked
– Anabolism is driven by energy released by catabolism

55
Q

What is solvency?

A

ability to dissolve other chemicals

56
Q

What is called the universal solvent?

A

water

57
Q

What are hydrophillic and hydrophobic substances?

A
58
Q

What do metabolic reactions depend on?

A

solvency of water

59
Q

What is the dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reaction?

A
60
Q
  • What is a solution? What is an example?
  • What is osmolarity?
A
  • Solution = Solute + Solvent-> e.g. Saline = NaCl + Water
  • Osmolarity: A measure of the [solute] of a solution
61
Q

What is pH?

A

pH = the negative logarithm of [H+] in moles/liter
* pH = -log [H+]

62
Q

What are neutral solutions?

A

– Pure water is pH neutral (contains equal numbers of H+ and OH–)
–pH of pure water=pH 7: [H+]=10–7 M
– All neutral solutions are pH 7

63
Q

How does the pH scale work?

A
64
Q

A change of one number on the pH scale represents a _ change in H concentration

A

10-fold
– A solution with pH of 4.0 is 10 times as acidic as
one with pH of 5.

65
Q
  • pH change interferes with what?
  • Slight change in pH can be what?
  • pH is regulated by what?
A
  • pH change interferes with cell function and may damage living tissue
  • Slight change in pH can be fatal
  • pH is regulated by kidneys, lungs, and buffers
66
Q

What are buffers?

A

– chemical solutions that resist changes in pH
– Maintaining normal (slightly basic) pH of blood is crucial for physiological functions

67
Q

What are epithelial cells, skeletal muscle cells+ smooth muscle cells, fat cells, macrophages, nerve cells and sperm?

A
68
Q

What is the basic cell structure?

A
69
Q

What are the different components of the plasma membrane?

A
70
Q

What are some of the functions of the membrane proteins?

A
71
Q

Explain hydrophilic/phobic and lipidphonic/phillic relationship?

A
  • Hydrophobic-> lipophilic: can go across membrane but cannot travel in blood freely
  • Hydrophillic-> lipophobic: cannot go across membrane by self
72
Q

Explain how the second messenger system works?

A
73
Q

What are the three types of membrane junctions?

A

Three types:
1. Tight junction
2. Desmosome
3. Gap junction

74
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

Prevent fluids and most molecules from moving between cells

example: epitheal cells

75
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

“Rivets” that anchor cells together

76
Q

What are gap junctions what do they allow?

A
  • Transmembrane proteins form pores that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell
  • Plasma membranes of adjacent cells
  • Allows spread of ions between cardiac or smooth muscle cells
77
Q

What are microvilli? what is the importance? Can appear as what?

A
  • Gives 15 to 40 times more surface area Best developed in cells specialized in absorption
  • On some absorptive cells very dense
  • Appear as a fringe “brush border”
78
Q

Some microvilli contain what?

A

actin filaments that are tugged toward center of cell to
milk absorbed contents into cell

79
Q

What is cilia and the two types?

A
80
Q

Plasma membranes are _ _

A

Plasma membranes are selectively permeable
* Some molecules easily pass through the membrane; others do not
* Different molecules move in/out of a cell by different transport mechanisms!

81
Q

What is filtration?

A

Filtration: particles are driven through membrane by physical pressure (rather than due to a chemical concentration gradient)

82
Q

What is passive processes and active processes?

A
83
Q

What are the different types of passive and active processes?

A
84
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Simple diffusion of fat-soluble molecules directly through the phospholipid bilayer

85
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A
86
Q

What is osmosis?

A
  • The movement of water from a area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.
87
Q

What is the better way to think about osmosis?

A

water follows the solutes
* Wherever the solute (usually sodium) goes, water follows!
* Water concentration is determined by solute concentration

88
Q
  • What is osmolarity?
  • What does the body fluids contain?
  • How many milliomoles per liter in blood plasma, tissue fluid and intracellular fluid?
A

The measure of total concentration of solute particles
* number of osmoles per liter of solution
- body fluids contain a mix of many chemicals and osmolarity is the total osmotic concentration of all solutes
- Blood plasma, tissue fluids, and intrcellular fluids are 300 milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L)

89
Q

When solutions of different osmolarity are separated by a membrane, osmosis occurs until _ is reached

A

equilibrium

90
Q
  • one osmole (osm)=
  • Takes into account what?
  • 1M glucose is _
  • 1M NaCl is _
A
  • one osmole (osm)= 1 mole of dissolved particles
  • Takes into account whether solute ionizes in water
  • 1M glucose is 1 osm/L
  • 1M NaCl is 2 osm/L
91
Q

What are the two types of active transport?

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
92
Q

What is active processes? Examples?

A
  • Both use ATP to move solutes across a plasma membrane
  • Examples: ions, some sugars and amino acids
  • Active transport requires carrier proteins (solute pumps)
  • Active transport moves solutes against a concentration gradient
93
Q
  • What does vesicular transport move?
  • What is a vesicle?
  • What does it utilize?
A

– moves large particles, fluid droplets, or numerous molecules at once through the membrane in vesicles
– Vesicles: bubble-like enclosures of membrane (made of phospholipids)
– utilizes motor proteins energized by ATP

94
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

vesicular processes that bring material into cell
i. Phagocytosis—“cell eating,”
ii. Pinocytosis—“cell drinking,”
iii. Receptor-mediated endocytosis

95
Q

What is exocytosis?

A
  • discharging material out of the cell
96
Q

What does vesicular transport require and what does it involve?

A
  • Requires energy
  • Involves small membrane sac
97
Q

What is located between plasma membrane and nucleus?

A

Cytosol
–Water with solutes (protein, salts, sugars, etc.)

Cytoplasmic organelles
–Metabolic machinery of cell

Inclusions
– Granules of glycogen or pigments, lipid droplets, vacuoles, and crystals

98
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A
99
Q

What is the cytoplasmic organelles? (membranous v nonmembranous)

A

Anatomy Boot Camp (6 decks)

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