Boot Camp Day 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three functional classes of chemical messengers?
A
2
Q
What are target cells?
A
“A cell whose activity is affected by a particular hormone”
3
Q
- Hormone chemically binds to specific protein receptors on what?
- Only target cells for a given hormone have what?
A
- Hormone chemically binds to specific protein receptors on target cell
- Only target cells for a given hormone have receptors that bind and recognize that hormone
4
Q
What are the two types of hormones and the examples?
A
5
Q
Water soluble hormones work how?
A
second messenger activates various proteins inside cell
6
Q
How do lipid soluble hormones work?
A
gene expression
7
Q
What are the three controls of hormone release?
A
8
Q
What collectively fuctions to regulate every system?
A
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
* Where nervous system and endocrine system communicates
9
Q
What does the pituitary gland break up into?
A
- Adenohypophysis: ant pit which has normal glandular tissue
- Neurohypophysis: post pit which has neural tissue from hypothalamus
10
Q
Adenohypophysis:
* Has what?
* What does it primarily secrete? What happens?
* What is the pathway?
A
11
Q
Explain the short and long negative feedback loop
A
12
Q
What are the different hormones that the ant. pit secrete?
A
13
Q
Using thyroid hormone, explain the pathway and the control regulations?
A
14
Q
Neurohypophysis:
* What is made up of?
* Secretes what?
* How does it work?
A
- Nervous tissue
- Secretes two neurohormones into the blood: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin
15
Q
What does the thyroid and parathyroid secrete and cause?
A
THYROID:
* T3 and T4 (thyroid hormones) regulate metabolism, growth, and development
* Calcitonin decreases blood Ca++ levels
PARA:
* Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood Ca++ levels
16
Q
Explain how parathyroid is activated, and what are the results from it
A
17
Q
What does the adrenal glands split into?
A
Cortex
– Outer 3 layers
– 80% of total mass
Medulla
– Central tissue
– 20% of total mass
18
Q
What does the adrenal cortex divide into?
A
GFR
19
Q
What does the adrenal cortex secrete?
A
Secretes a class of hormones called adrenocorticoids
– Steroid hormones
20
Q
What does the adrenal medulla secrete?
A
Chromaffin cells secrete catecholamines:
1. 80% Epinephrine (adrenaline)
2. 20% Norepinephrine
21
Q
What do catecholamines cause?
A
– Blood glucose levels to rise
– Blood vessels to constrict
– The heart to beat faster
– Blood to be diverted to the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle
Sympathetic effects
22
Q
Pancreas:
* What type of function?
* What are the two type of cells we need to know?
A
- Endo and exocrine
- Beta cells: insulin and Alpha cells: glucagon
23
Q
Explain the pathway of beta and alpha cells with regulation of blood sugar levels
A
24
Q
All body processes directly or indirectly require what?
A
ATP
25
* Most ATP synthesis requires what?
* Drives the need to breathe to take in what?
* Most ATP synthesis requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide
* Drives the need to breathe to take in oxygen and to eliminate carbon dioxide
26
What is anatomical zone of the respiratory system by location?
Upper respiratory tract
– In head and neck-nose through larynx
Lower respiratory tract (below larynx)
– Organs of the thorax-trachea through lungs
27
What is anatomical zone of the respiratory system by function?
Conducting zone
– A system of tubes that delivers air to the alveoli (no gas exchange)
Respiratory zone
– Consists of alveoli and other gas exchange regions
28
What are the respiratory sytem major organs
29
What does the nasal conchae break up into? What is its function?
* Superior, middle and inferior
* increase the surface area of these cavities, thus providing for rapid warming and humidification of air as it passes to the lung
30
* What does the audiory do?
* What is the hard palate made up of?
* What is the purpose of the uvula?
* Equalize pressure
* Maxilla and palatine bone
* Close the nasopharynx therefore no food comes superior
31
32
Visceral pleura? Parietal pleura?
* Visceral pleura (organ) — serous membrane that covers lungs
* Parietal pleura (cavity) — adheres to mediastinum, inner surface of the rib cage, and superior surface of the diaphragm
33
What is the space between the pleurae?
Pleural cavity: potential space between pleurae
* Normally no room between the membranes, but contains a film of slippery pleural fluid
34
What are the functions of the pleurae and pleural fluid?
* Reduce friction
* Create **pressure gradient**: lower pressure than atm pressure; assists lung inflation
* **Compartmentalization**: prevents spread of infection from one organ in mediastinum to otehrs
35
36
What is teh pharynx?
Pharynx (throat) — muscular funnel extending about 5 in. from the choanae to the larynx.
37
What are the three regions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
38
Nasopharynx:
* location?
* Recieves + contains what?
* What does it trap?
* Posterior to nasal apertures and above soft palate
* receives auditory tubes and contains pharyngeal tonsil
* 90 degree downward turn traps large particles (>10um)
39
Oropharynx:
* Location ?
* Contains what?
* Space between soft palate and epiglottis
* Contains palatine tonsils
40
Laryngopharynx:
* Location?
* What begins at that point?
* Epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
* Esophagus begins at that point
41
If a child Accidentally shallows a lego, where would it go in the respitaroty tract?
Right bronchi because its bigger
42
What is the epithelia of respiratory tract?
pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
43
Why is the trachea c shaped?
due to the esphogus being right there and you do not want to damage it
44
* Decrease as you go down: Cilla, globet cells, cartiage
* Increase as you go down: smooth muscle
45
What is present in the respirarory membranes?
What do type 2 cells do?
Produce surfactant therefore decrease attaction+ ST to allow the alevoi to stay open
46
Pulmonary ventilation consists of two phases:
1. **Inspiration**: gases flow into the lungs
2. **Expiration**: gases exit the lungs
47
Both processes (inspiration and expiration) depend on volume changes in the thoracic cavity, how?
48
Atmospheric pressure (Patm):
* What is it?
* Measured in what?
* What is the number?
– Pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body
– Measured in mm Hg – represents the pressure of the column
of air pushing down
– 760 mm Hg at sea level
49
Respiratory pressures are described relative to what?
Patm
50
The respiratory pressure measures to what for Patm?
**Zero** (0 mm Hg) respiratory pressure = Patm
51
* Positive respiratory pressure is what?
* Negative respiratory pressure is what?
* Positive respiratory pressure is greater than **Patm e.g. +1 mm Hg**
* Negative respiratory pressure is less than **Patm e.g. -1 mm Hg**
52
Gases travel from where?
Gases travel from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure
53
Pulmonary ventilation: Pressures are initially changed by what?
Pressures are initially changed by changing volumes
54
What is the intrapleural pressure?
756 mm Hg (–4 mm Hg)
55
How does inspiration work? (sequence of events)
56
Expiration: sequence of events?
57
What are the inspiration and expiration muscles?
58
Explain how the ribs and diagrahm work during respiratory cycle?
59
Explain this chart
60
Respiratory Control Centers:
* What is not present?
* Breathing depends on what?
* No autorhythmic pacemaker cells for respiration
* Breathing depends on repetitive stimulation of skeletal muscles from brain and will cease if spinal cord is severed high in neck
61
* What keeps the diaphragm alive?
* Skeletal muscles require what?
* Interactions of multiple respiratory muscles require what?
– C3,C4,C5 (phrenic nerve) keeps the diaphragm alive
– Skeletal muscles require nervous stimulation
– Interaction of multiple respiratory muscles requires coordination
62
Explain all the receptors that are responsible for depth and rate of breathing?
63
Kidney functions:
* Removeal of what?
* Regulation of what?
* What happens during prolonged fasting?
* Endocrine functions?
* Activation of what?
64
* What is waste?
* What is metabolic waste?
* **Waste**: any substance useless to body or present in excess body’s needs
* **Metabolic waste**: waste substance produced by the body
65
What is the urea formation?
* Proteins-> amino acids->NH2 removed -> forms ammonia-> liver converts ammonia to urea
66
* What is the product of nucleic acid catabolism?
* What is the product of creatine phosphate catabolism?
* Uric acid
* Creatinine
67
Label
68
Renal arteries deliver how much of cardiac output?
Renal arteries deliver ~ 25% (1200 ml) of cardiac output to the kidneys each minute
69
Kidneys are located how?
Retroperiotoneal-> behind cavity and surround by perirenal fat
70
* Capsule: CT covering
* Cortex: outer layer
* Medulla: inner layer
* Renal papulla: opening in minor calyx for urine
* Renal sinus: cavity containing calyx+ BV
* Minor Calyx: duct collecting urine-> forms major
* Major Calyx: duct collecting urine from minor calyx
* Ureter: carries urine to bladder
71
Juxtamedullary nephrons:
* How many of them?
* Characterisitics? mains what?
* Efferent arterioles branch into what?
– 15% of all nephrons
– Very long nephron loops, maintain salinity gradient in the medulla and help conserve water
– Efferent arterioles branch into vasa recta around long nephron loop
72
Cortical nephrons:
* How many of them?
* Characterisics?
* Efferent arterioles branch into where?
– 85% of all nephrons
– Short nephron loops
– Efferent arterioles branch into peritubular capillaries around PCT
and DCT
73
How many nephrons per kidney?
one million
74
What are nephrons and their two main parts?
Structural and functional units of the kidney that form urine
* Renal corpuscle: filters the blood plasma
* Renal tubule: long, coiled tube that converts the filtrate into urine
75
What is the structure of the nephron?
76
What are the two layers of the glomerular capsule?
* Parietal (outer) layer of glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium
* Visceral (inner) layer of glomerular capsule consists of elaborate cells called podocytes that wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus
77
Basic Stages of Urine Formation:
* Conversion of glomerular filtrate to urine involves what?
involves the removal and addition of chemicals by tubular reabsorption and secretion
– Occurs through PCT to DCT
– Tubular fluid is modified
78
For basic stages of urine formation what are the steps involved?
i. Tubular reabsorption
ii. Tubular secretion
iii. Water conservation
79
What is the role of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule
PCT reabsorbs about 65% of glomerular filtrate, removes some substances from blood, and secretes them into tubular fluid for disposal in urine
80
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
* What type of reabsorption
* What is mainly absorbed here?
* What is all absorbed here?
* What are the characteristics?
* Nonregulated reabsorption
* 70% of Na+ and H2O are absorbed here
* All glucose is absorbed here
* Many microvilli
* Many mitochondria
* “Leaky” tight junctions
81
Loop of Henle:
* Only what type of nephrons?
* Creates what?
* Critical in what?
(juxtamedullary nephrons only)
* Creates an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla
* Critical in water conservation
82
Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct:
* What is it?
* What are the characteristics?
* What are the hormone receptors here?
* More regulated than proximal tubule
* Smaller and fewer microvilli
* Less mitochondria
* “Tight” tight junctions
* Hormone receptors: ADH, aldosterone, etc.
83
* What are the urters, bladder and urethra?
* Where are the stretch receptors located in the bladder?
* Ureters: Retroperitoneal, muscular tubes that extend from each kidney to the urinary bladder:
* Bladder: Muscular sack for storing urine
* Urethra: Tube that conveys urine out of body
* Stretch receptors are in the trigone
84
What urinary sphincter are vol and unvol?
* Internal sphincter is smooth muscle therefore unvol
* External urethral sphincter is skeletal muscle therefore vol
85
Micturition?
Micturition reflex?
* Micturition: the act of urinating
* Micturition reflex: involuntary spinal reflex that partly controls urination
86
What does voiding urine involve?
– Bladder stretch receptors
– Parasympathetic and voluntary control
– Contraction of detrusor muscle
– Relaxation of urethral sphincters
