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Anatomy Boot Camp > Boot Camp Day 3 > Flashcards

Boot Camp Day 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three functional classes of chemical messengers?

A
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2
Q

What are target cells?

A

“A cell whose activity is affected by a particular hormone”

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3
Q
  • Hormone chemically binds to specific protein receptors on what?
  • Only target cells for a given hormone have what?
A
  • Hormone chemically binds to specific protein receptors on target cell
  • Only target cells for a given hormone have receptors that bind and recognize that hormone
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4
Q

What are the two types of hormones and the examples?

A
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5
Q

Water soluble hormones work how?

A

second messenger activates various proteins inside cell

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6
Q

How do lipid soluble hormones work?

A

gene expression

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7
Q

What are the three controls of hormone release?

A
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8
Q

What collectively fuctions to regulate every system?

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
* Where nervous system and endocrine system communicates

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9
Q

What does the pituitary gland break up into?

A
  • Adenohypophysis: ant pit which has normal glandular tissue
  • Neurohypophysis: post pit which has neural tissue from hypothalamus
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10
Q

Adenohypophysis:
* Has what?
* What does it primarily secrete? What happens?
* What is the pathway?

A
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11
Q

Explain the short and long negative feedback loop

A
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12
Q

What are the different hormones that the ant. pit secrete?

A
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13
Q

Using thyroid hormone, explain the pathway and the control regulations?

A
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14
Q

Neurohypophysis:
* What is made up of?
* Secretes what?
* How does it work?

A
  • Nervous tissue
  • Secretes two neurohormones into the blood: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin
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15
Q

What does the thyroid and parathyroid secrete and cause?

A

THYROID:
* T3 and T4 (thyroid hormones) regulate metabolism, growth, and development
* Calcitonin decreases blood Ca++ levels

PARA:
* Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood Ca++ levels

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16
Q

Explain how parathyroid is activated, and what are the results from it

A
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17
Q

What does the adrenal glands split into?

A

Cortex
– Outer 3 layers
– 80% of total mass
Medulla
– Central tissue
– 20% of total mass

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18
Q

What does the adrenal cortex divide into?

A

GFR

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19
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Secretes a class of hormones called adrenocorticoids
– Steroid hormones

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20
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Chromaffin cells secrete catecholamines:
1. 80% Epinephrine (adrenaline)
2. 20% Norepinephrine

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21
Q

What do catecholamines cause?

A

– Blood glucose levels to rise
– Blood vessels to constrict
– The heart to beat faster
– Blood to be diverted to the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle

Sympathetic effects

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22
Q

Pancreas:
* What type of function?
* What are the two type of cells we need to know?

A
  • Endo and exocrine
  • Beta cells: insulin and Alpha cells: glucagon
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23
Q

Explain the pathway of beta and alpha cells with regulation of blood sugar levels

A
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24
Q

All body processes directly or indirectly require what?

A

ATP

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25
Q
  • Most ATP synthesis requires what?
  • Drives the need to breathe to take in what?
A
  • Most ATP synthesis requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide
  • Drives the need to breathe to take in oxygen and to eliminate carbon dioxide
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26
Q

What is anatomical zone of the respiratory system by location?

A

Upper respiratory tract
– In head and neck-nose through larynx

Lower respiratory tract (below larynx)
– Organs of the thorax-trachea through lungs

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27
Q

What is anatomical zone of the respiratory system by function?

A

Conducting zone
– A system of tubes that delivers air to the alveoli (no gas exchange)

Respiratory zone
– Consists of alveoli and other gas exchange regions

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28
Q

What are the respiratory sytem major organs

A
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29
Q

What does the nasal conchae break up into? What is its function?

A
  • Superior, middle and inferior
  • increase the surface area of these cavities, thus providing for rapid warming and humidification of air as it passes to the lung
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30
Q
  • What does the audiory do?
  • What is the hard palate made up of?
  • What is the purpose of the uvula?
A
  • Equalize pressure
  • Maxilla and palatine bone
  • Close the nasopharynx therefore no food comes superior
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31
Q
A
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32
Q

Visceral pleura? Parietal pleura?

A
  • Visceral pleura (organ) — serous membrane that covers lungs
  • Parietal pleura (cavity) — adheres to mediastinum, inner surface of the rib cage, and superior surface of the diaphragm
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33
Q

What is the space between the pleurae?

A

Pleural cavity: potential space between pleurae
* Normally no room between the membranes, but contains a film of slippery pleural fluid

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34
Q

What are the functions of the pleurae and pleural fluid?

A
  • Reduce friction
  • Create pressure gradient: lower pressure than atm pressure; assists lung inflation
  • Compartmentalization: prevents spread of infection from one organ in mediastinum to otehrs
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35
Q
A
36
Q

What is teh pharynx?

A

Pharynx (throat) — muscular funnel extending about 5 in. from the choanae to the larynx.

37
Q

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

38
Q

Nasopharynx:
* location?
* Recieves + contains what?
* What does it trap?

A
  • Posterior to nasal apertures and above soft palate
  • receives auditory tubes and contains pharyngeal tonsil
  • 90 degree downward turn traps large particles (>10um)
39
Q

Oropharynx:
* Location ?
* Contains what?

A
  • Space between soft palate and epiglottis
  • Contains palatine tonsils
40
Q

Laryngopharynx:
* Location?
* What begins at that point?

A
  • Epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
  • Esophagus begins at that point
41
Q

If a child Accidentally shallows a lego, where would it go in the respitaroty tract?

A

Right bronchi because its bigger

42
Q

What is the epithelia of respiratory tract?

A

pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

43
Q

Why is the trachea c shaped?

A

due to the esphogus being right there and you do not want to damage it

44
Q
A
  • Decrease as you go down: Cilla, globet cells, cartiage
  • Increase as you go down: smooth muscle
45
Q

What is present in the respirarory membranes?
What do type 2 cells do?

A

Produce surfactant therefore decrease attaction+ ST to allow the alevoi to stay open

46
Q

Pulmonary ventilation consists of two phases:

A
  1. Inspiration: gases flow into the lungs
  2. Expiration: gases exit the lungs
47
Q

Both processes (inspiration and expiration) depend on volume changes in the thoracic cavity, how?

A
48
Q

Atmospheric pressure (Patm):
* What is it?
* Measured in what?
* What is the number?

A

– Pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body
– Measured in mm Hg – represents the pressure of the column
of air pushing down
– 760 mm Hg at sea level

49
Q

Respiratory pressures are described relative to what?

A

Patm

50
Q

The respiratory pressure measures to what for Patm?

A

Zero (0 mm Hg) respiratory pressure = Patm

51
Q
  • Positive respiratory pressure is what?
  • Negative respiratory pressure is what?
A
  • Positive respiratory pressure is greater than Patm e.g. +1 mm Hg
  • Negative respiratory pressure is less than Patm e.g. -1 mm Hg
52
Q

Gases travel from where?

A

Gases travel from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

53
Q

Pulmonary ventilation: Pressures are initially changed by what?

A

Pressures are initially changed by changing volumes

54
Q

What is the intrapleural pressure?

A

756 mm Hg (–4 mm Hg)

55
Q

How does inspiration work? (sequence of events)

A
56
Q

Expiration: sequence of events?

A
57
Q

What are the inspiration and expiration muscles?

A
58
Q

Explain how the ribs and diagrahm work during respiratory cycle?

A
59
Q

Explain this chart

A
60
Q

Respiratory Control Centers:
* What is not present?
* Breathing depends on what?

A
  • No autorhythmic pacemaker cells for respiration
  • Breathing depends on repetitive stimulation of skeletal muscles from brain and will cease if spinal cord is severed high in neck
61
Q
  • What keeps the diaphragm alive?
  • Skeletal muscles require what?
  • Interactions of multiple respiratory muscles require what?
A

– C3,C4,C5 (phrenic nerve) keeps the diaphragm alive
– Skeletal muscles require nervous stimulation
– Interaction of multiple respiratory muscles requires coordination

62
Q

Explain all the receptors that are responsible for depth and rate of breathing?

A
63
Q

Kidney functions:
* Removeal of what?
* Regulation of what?
* What happens during prolonged fasting?
* Endocrine functions?
* Activation of what?

A
64
Q
  • What is waste?
  • What is metabolic waste?
A
  • Waste: any substance useless to body or present in excess body’s needs
  • Metabolic waste: waste substance produced by the body
65
Q

What is the urea formation?

A
  • Proteins-> amino acids->NH2 removed -> forms ammonia-> liver converts ammonia to urea
66
Q
  • What is the product of nucleic acid catabolism?
  • What is the product of creatine phosphate catabolism?
A
  • Uric acid
  • Creatinine
67
Q

Label

A
68
Q

Renal arteries deliver how much of cardiac output?

A

Renal arteries deliver ~ 25% (1200 ml) of cardiac output to the kidneys each minute

69
Q

Kidneys are located how?

A

Retroperiotoneal-> behind cavity and surround by perirenal fat

70
Q
A
  • Capsule: CT covering
  • Cortex: outer layer
  • Medulla: inner layer
  • Renal papulla: opening in minor calyx for urine
  • Renal sinus: cavity containing calyx+ BV
  • Minor Calyx: duct collecting urine-> forms major
  • Major Calyx: duct collecting urine from minor calyx
  • Ureter: carries urine to bladder
71
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons:
* How many of them?
* Characterisitics? mains what?
* Efferent arterioles branch into what?

A

– 15% of all nephrons
– Very long nephron loops, maintain salinity gradient in the medulla and help conserve water
– Efferent arterioles branch into vasa recta around long nephron loop

72
Q

Cortical nephrons:
* How many of them?
* Characterisics?
* Efferent arterioles branch into where?

A

– 85% of all nephrons
– Short nephron loops
– Efferent arterioles branch into peritubular capillaries around PCT
and DCT

73
Q

How many nephrons per kidney?

A

one million

74
Q

What are nephrons and their two main parts?

A

Structural and functional units of the kidney that form urine
* Renal corpuscle: filters the blood plasma
* Renal tubule: long, coiled tube that converts the filtrate into urine

75
Q

What is the structure of the nephron?

A
76
Q

What are the two layers of the glomerular capsule?

A
  • Parietal (outer) layer of glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium
  • Visceral (inner) layer of glomerular capsule consists of elaborate cells called podocytes that wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus
77
Q

Basic Stages of Urine Formation:
* Conversion of glomerular filtrate to urine involves what?

A

involves the removal and addition of chemicals by tubular reabsorption and secretion
– Occurs through PCT to DCT
– Tubular fluid is modified

78
Q

For basic stages of urine formation what are the steps involved?

A

i. Tubular reabsorption
ii. Tubular secretion
iii. Water conservation

79
Q

What is the role of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule

A

PCT reabsorbs about 65% of glomerular filtrate, removes some substances from blood, and secretes them into tubular fluid for disposal in urine

80
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule
* What type of reabsorption
* What is mainly absorbed here?
* What is all absorbed here?
* What are the characteristics?

A
  • Nonregulated reabsorption
  • 70% of Na+ and H2O are absorbed here
  • All glucose is absorbed here
  • Many microvilli
  • Many mitochondria
  • “Leaky” tight junctions
81
Q

Loop of Henle:
* Only what type of nephrons?
* Creates what?
* Critical in what?

A

(juxtamedullary nephrons only)
* Creates an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla
* Critical in water conservation

82
Q

Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct:
* What is it?
* What are the characteristics?
* What are the hormone receptors here?

A
  • More regulated than proximal tubule
  • Smaller and fewer microvilli
  • Less mitochondria
  • “Tight” tight junctions
  • Hormone receptors: ADH, aldosterone, etc.
83
Q
  • What are the urters, bladder and urethra?
  • Where are the stretch receptors located in the bladder?
A
  • Ureters: Retroperitoneal, muscular tubes that extend from each kidney to the urinary bladder:
  • Bladder: Muscular sack for storing urine
  • Urethra: Tube that conveys urine out of body
  • Stretch receptors are in the trigone
84
Q

What urinary sphincter are vol and unvol?

A
  • Internal sphincter is smooth muscle therefore unvol
  • External urethral sphincter is skeletal muscle therefore vol
85
Q

Micturition?
Micturition reflex?

A
  • Micturition: the act of urinating
  • Micturition reflex: involuntary spinal reflex that partly controls urination
86
Q

What does voiding urine involve?

A

– Bladder stretch receptors
– Parasympathetic and voluntary control
– Contraction of detrusor muscle
– Relaxation of urethral sphincters

Anatomy Boot Camp (6 decks)

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