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Anatomy Boot Camp > Boot Camp Day 1.2 > Flashcards

Boot Camp Day 1.2 Flashcards

1
Q
  • Nitrogenous bases united by what?
  • Purine on one strand always bound to pyrimidine on the other how?
A
  • Nitrogenous bases united by hydrogen bonds
  • A–T (two hydrogen bonds)
  • C–G (three hydrogen bonds)
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2
Q

What is the law of complementary base pairing

A

– One strand determines base sequence of other

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3
Q

What is a gene?

A
  • a segment of DNA coding for the synthesis of a specific protein
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4
Q

Genome:
* What is it?
* How many genes do humans have? (break this down)

A
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5
Q

What is the DNA storage?

A

1) DNA double helix
2) DNA winds around core particles (histones) to form nucleosomes 11 nm in diameter
3) Nucleosomes fold accordion-like into zigzag fiber 30 nm in diameter 4) 30 nm fiber is thrown into irregular loops to form a fiber 300 nm thick
5) In dividing cells, looped chromatin coils further into a 700 nm fiber to form each chromatid
6) Chromosome at the midpoint (metaphase) of cell division

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6
Q

What is a gene? (previous and current definition)

A
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7
Q
  • Body can make millions of different proteins (the proteome), from just _
  • What happens next?
A

Body can make millions of different proteins (the proteome), from just 20 amino acids, and encoded by genes made of just four nucleotides (A, T, C, G)

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8
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

a system that enables these four nucleotides to code
for amino acid sequences of all proteins

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9
Q

What is the minimum code to symbolize 20 amino acids ?

A

three nucleotides per amino acid

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10
Q
  • What is gene expression?
  • Explain protein synthesis (transcription and translation)
A
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11
Q

Explain transcription?

A
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12
Q

What is alt. splicing of mRNA?

A
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13
Q

Once translation is complete, what happens?

A

the mRNA is unchanged and can locate another ribosome and create another copy of the same protein.

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14
Q

When translated, a given codon specifies a particular _ _

A

amino acid

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15
Q

What is the peptide formation steps?

A
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16
Q

What is the protein processing and secretion?

A
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17
Q

What is semiconservative replication?

A

each daughter DNA consists of one old and one new strand

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18
Q

What are the two major parts of the cell cycle?

A
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19
Q

What is G0 phase:

A
  • G0: cells that have left the cycle and permanently ceased dividing
  • Cell cycle duration varies between cell types
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20
Q

What is the goal of the cell cycle?

A

To produce two identical daughter cells

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21
Q

What does nervous tissue do and what does it comprise of?

A

Internal communitcation
* Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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22
Q

What does muscle tissue do? What are the different types?

A

Contracts to cause movement
* Muscles attached to bones (skeletal
* Muscles of heart (cardiac)
* Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)

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23
Q
  • What does epithelial tissue form?
  • What are examples?
A

Forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters
* Skin surface (epidermis)
* Lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs
* Glands

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24
Q

What does connective tissue do? What are some example?

A

supports, protects, binds, other tissues together
* bones
* tendons
* fat and other soft padding tissue

Has ECM

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25
Q

What are the two main types (by location) of epithelial tissue?

A

Covering and lining epithelia
* on external and internal surfaces

Glandular epithelia
* secretory tissue in glands

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of the epithelial tissue (5)?

A
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27
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissue:
* The cells have what? Explain
* What are they composed of?
* What are they supported by?
* What is and not present?
* What is there a high rate of?

A
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28
Q
A
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29
Q
A
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30
Q

Simple squamous epithelium:
* How many rows?
* Permits what?
* Secrets what?
* Locations? ⭐️

A
  • Single row of thin cells
  • Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substance
  • Secretes serous fluid
  • Locations: alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, and serosa
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31
Q

What is the detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane?

A
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32
Q

What type is this?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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33
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium:
* What is it?
* What does it do?
* What are the locations?

A
  • Single layer of square or round cells
  • Absorption and secretion, mucus production and movement
  • Locations: liver, thyroid, mamary and salivary glands, bronchioles and kidney tubules
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34
Q

Simple columnar epithelium:
* What does it look like?
* What are the nuclei?
* What is present there?
* What is the function?
* Locations?

A
  • Single row of tall, narrow cells
  • Oval nuclei in basal half of cell
  • Brush border of microvilli, ciliated in some organs, may possess goblet cells
  • Absorption and secretion; secretion of mucus
  • locations: lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney and uterine tubes
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35
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium:
* What does it look like?
* How many nuclei?
* What does it have?
* Secretes what?
* Locations? ⭐️

A
  • looks mulitlayered, but all cells touch basement membrane
  • nuclei at several layers
  • has cilia and goblet cells
  • secretes and propels mucus
  • locations: respiratory tract and portions of male urethra
36
Q

Stratified epithelia:
* What layers undergo mitosis? How does that process work?
* What are the two kinds of stratified squamous epithelia?

A
37
Q

What is the most widespread epithelium in the body?

A

Stratified squamous

38
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous
* How does it look?
* What does it do?
* Locations?

A
  • multiple cell layers; cells become flat and scaly towards surface
  • resists abrasion; retards water loss through skin; resists penetration by pathogeneic organisms
  • Locations: epidermis; palms and soles havily ketatinized
39
Q

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium:
* What is the same as?
* What does it do?
* Locations?

A

Same as ketatinized epithelium without surgace layer of dead cells
* Resists abrasion and penetrations of pathogens
* Locations: tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina

40
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium:
* What does it look like?
* What does it do?
* Locations?

A
  • Two or more cell layers; surgace cells square or round
  • Secretes sweat; produces sperm, produces ovarian hormones
  • Locations: sweat gland ducts; ovarian follicles and seminiferous tubules
41
Q

Transitional epithelium:
* What does it look like?
* Allows for what?
* locations?

A
  • Multilayered epithelium with surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched
  • Allows for filling of urinary tract
  • locations: ureter and bladder
42
Q

What are the different cell types and fibers in CT?

A
43
Q

What are the three types of fibers for structural elements of CT?

A

Collagen:
* Strongest and most abundant type
* provides high tensile strength

Elastic:
* Networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch

Reticular:
* Short, fine and highly branched collagenous fibers
* Lymph nodes and spleen

44
Q

What are the different classification of CT?

A
45
Q

Muscular tissue:
* What are the cells specialized to do?
* Primary job?
* Creates what?

A
  • cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation
  • primary job is to exert physical force on other tissues and organs
  • creates movements involved in body and limb movement, digestion, waste elimination, breathing, speech and blood circulation
46
Q

Muscular tissue:
* What is it imp for?
* What are the three types?

A
  • Imp source of body heat
  • skeletal, cardiac, smooth
47
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue:
* Made up of what?
* Most attach where?
* Contains what?
* What does it look like?
* What type of control?

A
48
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue:
* Limited to what?
* Cardiomyocytes are what?
* Contain what?
* What joins cardiomyocytes end to end? What does this provide?
* What does it look like and control?

A
49
Q

Smooth muscle tissue:
* Made up of what? What do they look like?
* What is the control
* what is mostly?

A
  • Made of fusiform myocytes lacking striations: cells are relatively short and have one central nucelus
  • Involuntary function
  • Most is visceral muscle-making up parts of walls of hollow organs
50
Q

Nervous tissue:
* Specialized for what?
* Consisits of what? What do they do?

A
  • Specialized for communication by electrical and chemcial signals
  • Consists of neurons (nerve cells): detect stimuli, respond quickly, transmit coded info rapidly to other cells
51
Q

What are neuroglia (glial)

A
  • protect and assist neurons
  • Housekeepers of nervous system
  • mosre numerous than neurons
52
Q

What are the structures of endocrine and exocrine glands?

A
53
Q

How is the integumentary system a chemical barrier?

A
  • Skin secretions fight bacteria
  • Melanin protects against UV rays
54
Q

How is the integumentary system a physical/mechanical barrier?

A
  • Keratin and glycolipids block most water and water- soluble substances
  • Limited penetration of skin by lipid-soluble substances
55
Q

How is the integumentary system a biological barrier?

A

Dendritic cells and macrophages

56
Q

How does the integumentary system regulates body temperature

A
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Sweat for evaporative cooling
  • vasoconstriction/vasodilation
57
Q

How does the integumentary system have cutaneous sensations/

A
  • Pain, Pressure, Temperature
58
Q

How does the integumentary system have metabolic functions?

A

synthesis of vit D; skin carries out first step, liver and kidneys complete process

59
Q

How does the integumentary system a blood reservoir?

A

Up to 5% of body’s blood volume

60
Q

What is the excretion in the integumentary system?

A

Salt and nitrogenous wastes in sweat

61
Q

What is the non verbal communication in the integumentary system?

A

Facial expression. Importance in social acceptance and self image

62
Q

Skin (integument) consist of three major regions:

A
  1. Epidermis — superficial region
  2. Dermis — middle region
  3. Hypodermis — deepest region
63
Q
  • What are layers of epidermis? Thin and thick
  • What are the cells?
A
64
Q

What is the stratum basale layer?

A

deepest epidermal layer
– A single layer of stem cells divide and give rise to keratinocytes that migrate toward skin surface to replace lost cells

65
Q

What is the stratum spinosum?

A

– Several layers of keratinocytes joined together by desmosomes and tight junctions

66
Q

What is the stratum granulosum?

A

– Three to five layers of flat keratinocytes; Cells contain dark-staining keratohyalin granules

67
Q

What is the stratum lucidum layer?

A

– Thin, pale layer found only in thick skin; Keratinocytes packed with clear protein eleidin

68
Q

What is the stratum corneum layer?

A

surface layer
– Several layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells; Resists abrasion, penetration, water loss

69
Q

What are stem cells of epidermis?

A

– Give rise to keratinocytes. Found only in the deepest layer, the stratum basale.

70
Q

What are keratinocytes?

A

– Great majority of epidermal cell; Synthesize keratin

71
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

– Synthesize pigment melanin that shields DNA from ultraviolet radiation
– Occur only in stratum basale but have branched processes that spread among keratinocytes
and distribute melanin

72
Q

What are tacile cells?

A

– Touch receptor cells associated with dermal nerve fibers
– In basal layer of epidermis

73
Q

What are dendritic cells

A

– Several layers of keratinocytes joined together by desmosomes and tight junctions

74
Q

CT layer beneath epidermis
* Composed mainly of what?
* Well supplied with what?

A
  • Composed mainly of collagen
  • Well supplied with blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nerve endings; houses hair follicles and nail roots
75
Q

What are two the layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer — top superficial zone of dermis (20%)
* Thin zone of areolar tissue in and near the dermal papilla
* Allows for mobility of leukocytes and other defense cells
* Rich in small blood vessels

Reticular layer — deeper and thicker layer of dermis (80%)
* Consists of dense, irregular connective tissue
* Stretch marks (striae): tears in the collagen fibers caused by stretching of the skin due to pregnancy or obesity

76
Q

Hypodermis features

A

– Subcutaneous tissue
– Has more areolar and adipose than dermis has
– Pads body and binds skin to underlying tissues
– Common site of drug injection since it has many blood vessels

77
Q

Subcutaneous fat features (4)

A

– Energy reservoir
– Thermal insulation
– Thicker in women
– Thinner in infants, elderly

78
Q

What is melanin?

A

Melanin is the most significant factor in skin color. Produced by melanocytes, accumulates in keratinocytes

79
Q

How is melanin in darker skinned people and lighter skinned people?

A
  • Darker skinned people produce greater quantities of melanin
  • Lighter skinned people melanin clumped near keratinocyte nucleus little melanin seen beyond stratum basale
80
Q

What are the two kinds of sweat (sudoriferous) glands?

A

Apocrine sweat glands and merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands

81
Q

Apocrine sweat glands:
* Locations?
* Respond to what? Secrete what?
* What do they produce?
* What are ceruminous glands?

A
  • Locations: groin, anal region, axilla, areola, beard (inactive until puberty)
  • Respond to stress and sexual stimulation
  • Believed to secrete pheromones—chemicals that can influence behavior of others
  • Produce sweat that is milky and contains fatty acids (bacterial action)
  • Ceruminous glands are modified apocrine glands in external ear canal, secreting cerumen (earwax)
82
Q

Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands:
* WHat are they?

A
  • Most numerous skin glands-3 to 4 million in adult skin: especially dense on palms, soles, and forehead
  • Watery perspiration that helps cool the body (thermoregulation)
83
Q

Suderiferous (sweat) Glands
* Myoepithelial cells do what? Where are they found?

A

Contract in response to stimulation by sympathetic nervous system and squeeze perspiration up the duct
– Found in both apocrine and merocrine glands

84
Q

Sweat:
* Begins as what?
* On average, what is the make up?

A

Begins as a protein-free filtrate of blood plasma produced by deep secretory portion of gland
– On average, 99% water,with pH range of 4 to 6
* Acid mantle—inhibits bacterial growth

85
Q

Sweat:
* What remains in sweat? What can be reabsorbed?
* What type of perpiration? What does it not produce?

A

– Some sodium chloride and other small solutes remain in the sweat
* Some sodium chloride reabsorbed by duct

– Insensible perspiration—500mL/day
* Does not produce visible wetness of skin

86
Q

What is diaphoresis ? When does this happen?

A

Diaphoresis—sweating with wetness of the skin
* Exercise—may lose 1 L sweat per hour

87
Q

Sebaceous (Oil) Glands:
* What is the function?

A
  • produce sebum
  • waterproofs and softens skin and hair

Anatomy Boot Camp (6 decks)

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