Boot Camp Day 1.2 Flashcards
1
Q
- Nitrogenous bases united by what?
- Purine on one strand always bound to pyrimidine on the other how?
A
- Nitrogenous bases united by hydrogen bonds
- A–T (two hydrogen bonds)
- C–G (three hydrogen bonds)
2
Q
What is the law of complementary base pairing
A
– One strand determines base sequence of other
3
Q
What is a gene?
A
- a segment of DNA coding for the synthesis of a specific protein
4
Q
Genome:
* What is it?
* How many genes do humans have? (break this down)
A
5
Q
What is the DNA storage?
A
1) DNA double helix
2) DNA winds around core particles (histones) to form nucleosomes 11 nm in diameter
3) Nucleosomes fold accordion-like into zigzag fiber 30 nm in diameter 4) 30 nm fiber is thrown into irregular loops to form a fiber 300 nm thick
5) In dividing cells, looped chromatin coils further into a 700 nm fiber to form each chromatid
6) Chromosome at the midpoint (metaphase) of cell division
6
Q
What is a gene? (previous and current definition)
A
7
Q
- Body can make millions of different proteins (the proteome), from just _
- What happens next?
A
Body can make millions of different proteins (the proteome), from just 20 amino acids, and encoded by genes made of just four nucleotides (A, T, C, G)
8
Q
What is the genetic code?
A
a system that enables these four nucleotides to code
for amino acid sequences of all proteins
9
Q
What is the minimum code to symbolize 20 amino acids ?
A
three nucleotides per amino acid
10
Q
- What is gene expression?
- Explain protein synthesis (transcription and translation)
A
11
Q
Explain transcription?
A
12
Q
What is alt. splicing of mRNA?
A
13
Q
Once translation is complete, what happens?
A
the mRNA is unchanged and can locate another ribosome and create another copy of the same protein.
14
Q
When translated, a given codon specifies a particular _ _
A
amino acid
15
Q
What is the peptide formation steps?
A
16
Q
What is the protein processing and secretion?
A
17
Q
What is semiconservative replication?
A
each daughter DNA consists of one old and one new strand
18
Q
What are the two major parts of the cell cycle?
A
19
Q
What is G0 phase:
A
- G0: cells that have left the cycle and permanently ceased dividing
- Cell cycle duration varies between cell types
20
Q
What is the goal of the cell cycle?
A
To produce two identical daughter cells
21
Q
What does nervous tissue do and what does it comprise of?
A
Internal communitcation
* Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
22
Q
What does muscle tissue do? What are the different types?
A
Contracts to cause movement
* Muscles attached to bones (skeletal
* Muscles of heart (cardiac)
* Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)
23
Q
- What does epithelial tissue form?
- What are examples?
A
Forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters
* Skin surface (epidermis)
* Lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs
* Glands
24
Q
What does connective tissue do? What are some example?
A
supports, protects, binds, other tissues together
* bones
* tendons
* fat and other soft padding tissue
Has ECM
25
What are the two main types (by location) of epithelial tissue?
Covering and lining epithelia
* on external and internal **surfaces**
Glandular epithelia
* secretory tissue in **glands**
26
What are the characteristics of the epithelial tissue (5)?
27
Characteristics of epithelial tissue:
* The cells have what? Explain
* What are they composed of?
* What are they supported by?
* What is and not present?
* What is there a high rate of?
28
29
30
Simple squamous epithelium:
* How many rows?
* Permits what?
* Secrets what?
* Locations? ⭐️
* Single row of thin cells
* Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substance
* Secretes serous fluid
* Locations: **alveoli**, glomeruli, endothelium, and serosa
31
What is the detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane?
32
What type is this?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
33
Simple cuboidal epithelium:
* What is it?
* What does it do?
* What are the locations?
* Single layer of square or round cells
* Absorption and secretion, mucus production and movement
* Locations: liver, thyroid, mamary and salivary glands, bronchioles and **kidney tubules**
34
Simple columnar epithelium:
* What does it look like?
* What are the nuclei?
* What is present there?
* What is the function?
* Locations?
* Single row of tall, narrow cells
* Oval nuclei in basal half of cell
* Brush border of microvilli, ciliated in some organs, may possess **goblet cells**
* Absorption and secretion; secretion of mucus
* locations: **lining of GI tract**, uterus, kidney and **uterine tubes**
35
Pseudostratified epithelium:
* What does it look like?
* How many nuclei?
* What does it have?
* Secretes what?
* Locations? ⭐️
* looks mulitlayered, but all cells touch basement membrane
* nuclei at several layers
* has cilia and goblet cells
* secretes and propels mucus
* locations: **respiratory tract** and portions of male urethra
36
Stratified epithelia:
* What layers undergo mitosis? How does that process work?
* What are the two kinds of stratified squamous epithelia?
37
What is the most widespread epithelium in the body?
Stratified squamous
38
Keratinized stratified squamous
* How does it look?
* What does it do?
* Locations?
* multiple cell layers; cells become flat and scaly towards surface
* resists abrasion; retards water loss through skin; resists penetration by pathogeneic organisms
* Locations: **epidermis**; palms and soles havily ketatinized
39
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium:
* What is the same as?
* What does it do?
* Locations?
Same as ketatinized epithelium without surgace layer of dead cells
* Resists abrasion and penetrations of pathogens
* Locations: tongue, oral mucosa, **esophagus**, and vagina
40
Stratified cuboidal epithelium:
* What does it look like?
* What does it do?
* Locations?
* Two or more cell layers; surgace cells square or round
* Secretes sweat; produces sperm, produces ovarian hormones
* Locations: sweat gland ducts; ovarian follicles and seminiferous tubules
41
Transitional epithelium:
* What does it look like?
* Allows for what?
* locations?
* Multilayered epithelium with surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched
* Allows for filling of urinary tract
* locations: ureter and **bladder**
42
What are the different cell types and fibers in CT?
43
What are the three types of fibers for structural elements of CT?
Collagen:
* Strongest and most abundant type
* provides high tensile strength
Elastic:
* Networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch
Reticular:
* Short, fine and highly branched collagenous fibers
* Lymph nodes and spleen
44
What are the different classification of CT?
45
Muscular tissue:
* What are the cells specialized to do?
* Primary job?
* Creates what?
* cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation
* primary job is to exert physical force on other tissues and organs
* creates movements involved in body and limb movement, digestion, waste elimination, breathing, speech and blood circulation
46
Muscular tissue:
* What is it imp for?
* What are the three types?
* Imp source of body heat
* skeletal, cardiac, smooth
47
Skeletal muscle tissue:
* Made up of what?
* Most attach where?
* Contains what?
* What does it look like?
* What type of control?
48
Cardiac muscle tissue:
* Limited to what?
* Cardiomyocytes are what?
* Contain what?
* What joins cardiomyocytes end to end? What does this provide?
* What does it look like and control?
49
Smooth muscle tissue:
* Made up of what? What do they look like?
* What is the control
* what is mostly?
* Made of fusiform myocytes lacking striations: cells are relatively short and have one central nucelus
* Involuntary function
* Most is **visceral** muscle-making up parts of walls of hollow organs
50
Nervous tissue:
* Specialized for what?
* Consisits of what? What do they do?
* Specialized for communication by electrical and chemcial signals
* Consists of neurons (nerve cells): detect stimuli, respond quickly, transmit coded info rapidly to other cells
51
What are neuroglia (glial)
* protect and assist neurons
* Housekeepers of nervous system
* mosre numerous than neurons
52
What are the structures of endocrine and exocrine glands?
53
How is the integumentary system a chemical barrier?
* Skin secretions fight **bacteria**
* Melanin protects against UV rays
54
How is the integumentary system a physical/mechanical barrier?
* Keratin and glycolipids block most water and water- soluble substances
* Limited penetration of skin by lipid-soluble substances
55
How is the integumentary system a biological barrier?
Dendritic cells and macrophages
56
How does the integumentary system regulates body temperature
* Thermoreceptors
* Sweat for evaporative cooling
* vasoconstriction/vasodilation
57
How does the integumentary system have cutaneous sensations/
* Pain, Pressure, Temperature
58
How does the integumentary system have metabolic functions?
synthesis of **vit D**; skin carries out first step, liver and kidneys complete process
59
How does the integumentary system a blood reservoir?
Up to 5% of body’s **blood volume**
60
What is the excretion in the integumentary system?
Salt and nitrogenous wastes in sweat
61
What is the non verbal communication in the integumentary system?
Facial expression. Importance in social acceptance and self image
62
Skin (integument) consist of three major regions:
1. Epidermis — superficial region
2. Dermis — middle region
3. Hypodermis — deepest region
63
* What are layers of epidermis? Thin and thick
* What are the cells?
64
What is the stratum basale layer?
deepest epidermal layer
– A single layer of **stem cells divide** and give rise to keratinocytes that migrate toward skin surface to replace lost cells
65
What is the stratum spinosum?
– Several layers of keratinocytes joined together by desmosomes and tight junctions
66
What is the stratum granulosum?
– Three to five layers of flat keratinocytes; Cells contain dark-staining keratohyalin granules
67
What is the stratum lucidum layer?
– Thin, pale layer found only in thick skin; Keratinocytes packed with clear protein eleidin
68
What is the stratum corneum layer?
surface layer
– Several layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells; Resists abrasion, penetration, water loss
69
What are stem cells of epidermis?
– Give rise to keratinocytes. Found only in the deepest layer, the stratum basale.
70
What are keratinocytes?
– Great majority of epidermal cell; Synthesize keratin
71
What are melanocytes?
– Synthesize pigment melanin that shields **DNA from ultraviolet radiation**
– Occur only in stratum basale but have branched processes that spread among keratinocytes
and distribute melanin
72
What are tacile cells?
– Touch receptor cells associated with dermal nerve fibers
– In basal layer of epidermis
73
What are dendritic cells
– Several layers of keratinocytes joined together by desmosomes and tight junctions
74
CT layer beneath epidermis
* Composed mainly of what?
* Well supplied with what?
* Composed mainly of **collagen**
* Well supplied with blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nerve endings; houses hair follicles and nail roots
75
What are two the layers of the dermis?
**Papillary layer** — top superficial zone of dermis (20%)
* Thin zone of areolar tissue in and near the dermal papilla
* Allows for mobility of leukocytes and other defense cells
* Rich in small blood vessels
**Reticular layer** — deeper and thicker layer of dermis (80%)
* Consists of dense, irregular connective tissue
* Stretch marks (striae): tears in the collagen fibers caused by stretching of the skin due to pregnancy or obesity
76
Hypodermis features
– Subcutaneous tissue
– Has more areolar and **adipose** than dermis has
– Pads body and binds skin to underlying tissues
– Common site of drug injection since it has many blood vessels
77
Subcutaneous fat features (4)
– Energy reservoir
– Thermal insulation
– Thicker in women
– Thinner in infants, elderly
78
What is melanin?
Melanin is the most significant factor in skin color. Produced by melanocytes, accumulates in keratinocytes
79
How is melanin in darker skinned people and lighter skinned people?
* Darker skinned people produce greater quantities of melanin
* Lighter skinned people melanin clumped near keratinocyte nucleus little melanin seen beyond stratum basale
80
What are the two kinds of sweat (sudoriferous) glands?
Apocrine sweat glands and merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands
81
Apocrine sweat glands:
* Locations?
* Respond to what? Secrete what?
* What do they produce?
* What are ceruminous glands?
* **Locations**: groin, anal region, axilla, areola, beard (inactive until puberty)
* Respond to stress and sexual stimulation
* Believed to secrete **pheromones**—chemicals that can influence behavior of others
* Produce sweat that is milky and contains fatty acids (bacterial action)
* Ceruminous glands are modified apocrine glands in external ear canal, secreting cerumen (earwax)
82
Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands:
* WHat are they?
* Most numerous skin glands-3 to 4 million in adult skin: especially dense on palms, soles, and forehead
* Watery perspiration that helps cool the body (**thermoregulation**)
83
Suderiferous (sweat) Glands
* Myoepithelial cells do what? Where are they found?
Contract in response to stimulation by sympathetic nervous system and squeeze perspiration up the duct
– Found in both apocrine and merocrine glands
84
Sweat:
* Begins as what?
* On average, what is the make up?
Begins as a protein-free filtrate of blood plasma produced by deep secretory portion of gland
– On average, **99% water**,with pH range of 4 to 6
* Acid mantle—inhibits bacterial growth
85
Sweat:
* What remains in sweat? What can be reabsorbed?
* What type of perpiration? What does it not produce?
– Some sodium chloride and other small solutes remain in the sweat
* Some sodium chloride reabsorbed by duct
– Insensible perspiration—500mL/day
* Does not produce visible wetness of skin
86
What is diaphoresis ? When does this happen?
Diaphoresis—sweating with wetness of the skin
* Exercise—may lose 1 L sweat per hour
87
Sebaceous (Oil) Glands:
* What is the function?
- produce sebum
- waterproofs and softens skin and hair
