Booklet 6 Flashcards
Roads: 1860-1942
Causes and developments:
-trade: European/USA in the 1860s most happening on th east coast
-foreigners roads to take inland from ports or to/from mines with raw materials
-biggest road development under Chiang in 1930s
-to move troops vs Japan/CCP and to move inland away from Japanese
-USA/ chian made Burma road 1937, re built in 1942
-foreign fund the development (British/HK company gave 500m teals 1884)
-Germans gave chiang a lot of money and expense
-Burma road to maintain flow of resources when Japan had colonised the east coast
Roads: 1860-1942
Challenges:
-anti foreign feeling
-all had to be newly built, no existing infrastructure
-high cost
-Japan could use roads to push into China, bombed Burma 1942
-mountain terrain
Roads: 1860-1942
Impact
-thousands of miles built 14,300 miles
-Burma road help China in ww2
-refugees used them to flee west
-workers could use them to get back to east coast
Telegraph 1869-1930s
Causes/developments:
-foreign British and French communication back to Europe
-self strengthening movement pursued for a Chinese telegraph, 1861-95, 1920s, 1956-62.
-1869 China submarine telegraph
-1930s Japanese’s monopoly and used for occupying China
Telegraph 1869-1930s
Challenges
boxers took down telegraphs
-geography, skills, technology cost
Telegraph 1869-1930s
Impact
-foreign power increased in China
-1900, 14000miles of telegraph lines
-1950 23,000miles
-consolidated financial and commodity markets
-also used to trade with British and French
Air transport
Causes/developments:
-USA 1929 send a few planes
-flying tigers 1937
-USA developed first Chinese aircraft
-1950 USSR helped China develop and modernise airforce, gave 900 planes +2000 members of airforce
-1980s rapid development- commercial (civil aviation administration of China CAAC)
-1990s travel subsides by PRC encouraged domestic tourism, providing specialist around and moved labour
Air transport
Challenges
-CCP and Mao 1949-76 he’ll is air development
-demand out strips supply
Air transport
Impact
-passengers increased by 436% in 1980
-China airways 1929- chiang
Describe the textile product by 1860
-India and China before 1860 had dominated the cotton production for 500 years until Britain entered the industry
-the cotton industry wasn’t growing much due to women marrying early and leaving the workforce. As a result the pool of cheap, un unionised labour necessary to work in cotton factories was absent
-by 1860 there was no large mass of workers in Chinese cities as many were in the countryside
List of developments in textile production 1860-1930
-new factories emerged in 1890s
Causes of development:
-after treaty of Nanjing the end of the first opium war gave Britain the right to sell manufactured cotton garments directly to China destroying the livelihoods of thousands of rural Chinese spinners, weavers, and dyers. Riots began in Guangzhou due to hatred of foreigners. This led to the Chinese setting up their factory system based on the British factory system and emerged in 1890s.
-a labour contractor was someone who recruited peasants form rural areas by promising jobs, housing and food. These workers were contracted to urban factories and the contractor kept the wages
-women in 1900s were expected to work and provide for families so they went back to work in textile industries
Impact of development:
-by 1930 Shanghai had become the largest and most industrialised city in China mainly due to the cotton industry. 1921: 30,000 textile workers. 1940:130,000 textile workers
-by 1920s half of all textile workers were men but strikes in 1921 and 1925 convinced factory owners to employ women
-conditions were very bad and so strikes happened to improve them. Average 2800 participants in strikes (largest amount of strikes)
Why did some Chinese and Japanese businessmen have believed that the initial Japanese’s occupation of Manchuria could have been mutually beneficial
they believed they could teach China how to become a modern industrial country. China could have nee resources and products whilst Japan could sell to a large market
How did Japan industrialise manchukuo
-road and rail expansion
-factory and mine building
-new towns constructed, harbours, telegraph lines, military fortifications
-vast majority of manual work was carried out by Chinese peasants
-iron/ore mining. These resources were skippier to Japan and the whole Japanese empire
-“Japan manchukuo bloc economy” two economies merged
-Japan invested in bank opportunities allowing for growth of industries and entrepreneurs
-Japan invested 6bn Yen ($1.5bn)
-manchukuo was so profitable it grew in value from 160m Yen to 1bn Yen in 20 years
-expansion of south Manchukuo railway 1000km
How successful was industrialisation of China
-very successful in multiple areas
-quick and mass industrialisation
-clearly making good profit
-only industrialised in Manchuria not across China
Was the 1953-7 five year plan successful
Yes:
-the plan envisioned 694 major industrial developments between 1953-57 with Soviet aid for 156 of them
-Mao created a state planning by 1952
-chinas productivity increased due to the 5 year plan. 1953-1957 steel production leapt form 1.3m tonnes a year to 5.2m tonnes and coal production almost double during the same period
Was the five year plan successful
No
-heavily relied on ussr for trade and financial assistance after 1949
-Mao wanted 4bn loans and only got 2bn
-Stalin in 1952 announced that the ussr was not able to help China development to the extent mao envisioned and demanded rare raw materials in return for help
-peasant land subject to collectivism. Towns and cities were reorganised for the riding meant that small businesses were forced to join cooperatives and stripped of business savings
-Mao wanted a more intense USSR five year plan that had already failed in Russia
-800,000 businesses were taken from their owners in 1956
-caused rural hunger when China have grain and food to ussr causing the great famine 1958-62 (sectioning of agriculture)
How did the PRC achieve increased industrial output;
-increased Education and culture regarding development
-reduced spreading on defence
-reduced government administration spending
-economic development increased
Other factors causing the 5 year plan to succeed:
-mao received help and support form the Soviet union, offered a loan on 2bn, mao wanted 4bn
-thousands of Russian economists, engineers, agronomists, and specialists crossed into China to bring Stalinist industrialisation (150,000)
-approximately 7000 Chinese managers and engineers had trained in China in the 1st 5 year plan
-USSR gave China the blue prints for 600 types of factories, 1700 kinds of industrial machines and information on production processes
-in a second agreement in 1956 the ussr gave advice on hydroelectricity, mitigation and aviation
