Booklet 5: 1978-97 Flashcards
(32 cards)
Bridging the gap: 1969-78 (won’t be questioned on it)
-mao softens: in 1972 anti communist president Nixon met with Mao. USA allowed China into the UN in 1971 and America removed troops from Vietnam. Chinese oil production developed which needed the US knowledge. Ping pong diplomacy lead to an increase in relations
-death of mao 1976: Zhou Enlai and mao die. Some were glad when he died due to his mistakes. The gang of 4 were arrested as they were hated and blamed for the cultural Revolution. Hua Guofeng took over and tried to follow mao which made him very unpopular
-rise of deng Xiaoping: “international isolation lead to economic backwardness, causing political and military humiliation by foreign powers” deng wanted a more modern China but wanted to maintain communism. He stopped persecution from the cultural Revolution and grew relations with USA
Bridging the gap: hwo did the UN council meet Dengs aims
-trade: with the Americans mainly. Allowed diplomatic relations and trade links to develop
-agriculture: they need technology and training. $114m from world bank to support rural communities
-defence: UN’s objective is to maintain world peace which allows economic development to
-manufacturing: technology and training from the West
Bridging the gap: the benefits for China Joining the UN
-international recognition and trade as well as loans and money
-equality as one of the 5 permanent members
-pride, only non western members of the security council
-however, there are now closer ties to the capitalist west and had less authority due to their human rights record
Bridging the gap: examples of chinas nee role in international politics
-1980’s US UN sectary general which China cited in favour of the Tanzanian general
-USA invaded Afghan and China supported the UN
-Tiananmen Square incident, no sanctions against China
-Iraq war, China supported the UN
What were Dengs four cardinal principles
-keep to the socialist road, despite economic policies
-peoples democratic dictatorship (democratic centralism)
-leadership of government will be by the CCP
-Marxist Leninist Maoist ideology
Why was Deng against western democracy
-too big, too diverse, not educated enough
-democratic centralism: in-informed people should be content to let their enlightened government lead them
Tiananmen Square protest 1989: causes and participates
-Hou Yaobangs death (educator), people wanted to celebrate his life but the government wouldn’t allow it
-a former rebel army general protester on the walls of Tiananmen against the government for Lack of democracy
-he publishes an essay which leads to his arrest and a protest starts
-the people, particularly students wanted a democracy
Participants:
-mainly students but other groups joined such as taxi drivers and rebel government officials
Events of Tiananmen Square and government response
Events:
-Yaobang dies who was a sympathiser to students. This led to student protest as they weren’t allowed to celebrate hun and wanted a democracy.
-the USSR leader Gorbachev is there too which makes the protest humiliating for China. Different groups joined the protest. Government officials tried to get students to call of the protest as media crews swarmed to the square
-Deng Xiaoping started pushing for a forceful end to the protest making government officials to want to end the protest. 350,000 soldiers surrounded the square and between 3/4 of June students were fired on and arrested. While this was happening the CCP ordered a news blackout. This event could have been broken up by water
Results and world reaction to Tiananmen Square
-10,000 dead
-the west was outraged by the event but as China has become so influential in the world economy no real embargoes were placed in them. No sanctions or fines
-this event is mostly fighting after China supported the gulf war.
-this showed taht Deng was clearly only interested in economic reform rather then political, which helps explain the dual system in China
-USA stopped selling arms to China
IMF in China
-it was founded as part of UN and aimed to stop economic collapse. They have cash loans to China to stabilise the economy and sent advises to China to teach about international system
-it supervised foreign investment and monitored foreign money in China
-however, this money had to be used to show a commitment to change. They had to commit to decentralisation and needed to return the failing tax system
-they were told they needed more free market policies to allow people to invest in Chinese business
Impacts of IMF on China
-they set up ministry of finance which had 10,000 employees across China
-they also set up a state planning commission
-economic forecasts and budgets and performance were made more transparent
-1980/1 there was a poor harvest but it didn’t have a large effect as the economy stabilised
-China started to introduce a free market economy so competition wasn’t obstructed by the government. The only way a free market economy would work in China is if the government owned companies do not get government intervention
World bank in China
- this gave ring fenced loans to China including: $200m for science and engineering at university, $125m for freight, $60m for drainage and irrigation, $75m for agricultural and educational reform, $70m to set up investment bank,$30bn for industrialisation through indirect investment
-however to get this money they had to agree to a report from the world bank which was a review of economics in China between 1949-81
Increasing diplomatic ties: EEC and EU
-trade agreements whcih were bilateral and equal occurred between China and these groups. 1978 there was a textile trade deal between the 2. It went firm $14bn to $45.6bn in 1995.
-China supported the EU as it rivalled the USSR. Apart from the USA China is EU’s biggest trading partner
-Britain did impose a trade embargo in 1989 after Tiananmen but it failed. Hong Kong was also an issue as the 99 year lease was coming to its end
-the benefits for China was the EU became its second largest trading partner. There was also international integration when trade with EU
Increasing diplomatic ties: Africa
-China has become increasingly involved in investment in Africa in recent years “. They urged African nations to join the IMF and world bank Yk improve trade links and make investment easier
-throughout the 1990’s there were bilateral trade agreements between the 2
-in return China no longer funded communist revolutions as it didn’t benefit them
-this also led to a shift away from communism which benefited the Chinese economy
Increasing diplomatic ties: south east Asia
-ASEAN: a trade bloc which China was invited to join whne it was set up but didn’t do trades with them instead
-ZOOFRAN: set up in 1979 it aimed to keep peace in Asia
-it used Singapore as a model of how to use western investment but maintain culture
-as many countries are capitalist in this group there’s a shift from communism. As the countries joined together communism was softened. China was also seen as the diplomatic power as it was in the UN Security Council and a world leader
-ZOPFRAN benefitted China as it was a dominant regional power and they all relied on China for trade
-China had the dominant military
Relationship between China and Japan 1860-1945
-rise of Japan: meji restoration 1860,70,80’s
-imperialism, interest in Korea
-1894: first Sino Japanese war (in Korea)
-1895: treaty of shimonoseki (Japan protect Korea)
-1900:boxer uprising
-1901: boxer protocol (Japan gave army to protect Europeans in China)
-1905: Japan annexed Korea
-1910: Japan invaded Manchuria
-1915: 15 demands
-1919: treaty of Versailles, shangdong (previously German) was given to Japan. Angered China
-1931: Manchuria taken
-1933: treaty of tanggu
-1937: Marco Polo bridge and invasion of China
-1941: USA help China vs Japan
-1945: September Japanese surrender and leave China
What interests did China and Japan have with each other
-china wanted to cooperate with Japan due to japans trade links with the west, opening up a market for China. Japan was also more developed and had better technology and expertise which China could use
-Japan wanted to cooperate with China due to their abundance of raw materials such as coal, oil and rice and their large population which Japan could sell to which was a largely un touched market
Significance of closer cooperation with Japan: 1972 and its benefits for China
-1972: bilateral communique trade agreements in the 1980’s and 1990’s
Benefits:
-this recognised PRC as a legitimate state diplomatically
-chinas claim in Taiwan was accepted
-they both opposed the concept of a super power in Asia
Significance of closer cooperation with Japan: 1975-78 and benefit for China
-treaty of peace and friendship
Benefits:
-this accepted a peaceful coexistence between them
-any disagrees wouldn’t be settled through violence
Significance of closer cooperation with Japan: 1980 and benefits for China
-Japan support chinas entry into the world bank and IMF
Benefit:
-Japan supported china’s entry and offered bilateral loans of $13bn to revitalise chinas steel industry
Significance of closer cooperation with Japan: 1990 and chinas benefits
-Baoshan steel complex and Japanese investment
Benefit:
-Japan invested heavily in this ($10bn by the 1990’s) which led to China being japans largest trading partner after America
Significance of closer cooperation with Japan: 1970-90’s and benefits for China
-state visits
-1978: Deng Xiaoping visits Japan as the first Chinese premier to do so to sign of a deal
-1982: Zhou Ziyang visits Japan to declare the treaty of peace and friendship in Tokyo
-4 principles of relations: fourth principle is mutual trust
-1984: $4.3bn in loans from japan to China
-1986: jaoan guves a third loan of $7.5bn
-1989: the Tiananmen Response from japan was to play down the event and refused to put harsh economic sanctions of China
-1992: emperor Hirohito visits China becoming the first to do so
Improved relations with USA after 1949
-the relationship between the PRC and America was tense as USA was angry that the CCP beat the GMD to establish a communist state. America was also protecting Taiwan, where GMD were and USA refused to recognise the PRC in the UN
-the Korean War 1950-53 which was fought between north and south, USA fighting for the south and China for the north. Tibet was a similar conflict USA disagreed with and Vietnam raised tensions as the Chinese were funding the communists against the Americans
-mao was also paranoid in this early period that the USA were planning a nuclear attack on PRC
-the Sino-sovient treaty also meant there was wide mistrust of China from the USA, but this ended in 1969
Improved relations with USA 1979/1997
-USA finally recognised the PRC as part of the UN in 1971
-deteriorating relations with the USSR by 1969 meant “my enemies enemy is my friend” leading to stronger links beteeen the USA and China
-Zhou Enlai encouraged the development in relations with the USA “ping pong diplomacy” was where the two nations actually played ping pong together showing improved relations
-president Richard Nixon visited China in 1972
- the death of mao removed the paranoia in 1976
-the emergence of Deng and the 4 modernisations led to ties with the most industrialised nation USA
-the Sino-soviet split reduced tensions and suspicions form America
