Booklet 2 1894-1901 Flashcards
What were the internal events in China 1870-1894: political
-Tongzhi was emperor
-cixi and Guangxu were regent as tongzhi was too young
-cixi was ultra conservative
-imperial government in bejing couldn’t stop westerners
-western political ideas like democracy filtered into China
-Qing dynasty was weakened
What were the internal events in China 1870-1894: economic
-western control of trade through treaty ports
-thousands of Chinese workers relied on western factories for their livelihood
-foreign capital was now necessary for Chinese to survive
-Chinese learned industrial management and training
What were the internal events in China 1870-1894: social
-growing middle class as a result of European trade
-large uneducated peasantry
-extraterritoriality
-self strengthening movement encouraged minor modernisation
-women worked in western factories
What were the internal events in China 1870-1894: cultural
-many educated people were educated abroad
-foreign language schools
-western clothing, music and customs developed in Shanghai
-Chinese love hate of foreign devils
-became more educated due to western education
What was the first Sino Japanese war
•1894-95
•The First Sino-Japanese War was a conflict between China and Japan over influence in Korea
What was japans internal reasons for attacking China in 1894
-Japan wanted rice and access of Korea’s market but Korea were protected by China
-Japans population was growing and didn’t have enough space
-Japan confronted China in opening up Korea
-Japan wanted access to China
-Japan wanted the island of Taiwan
-Japan wanted the same trading powers of foreigners
What were the causes of the first Sino Japanese war 1894
-geography: Japan is small with a big population and not enough resources.
-western influence: Japan modernised due to foreign involvement and now were powerful and want more from China
-receptivity: Japan had taken on external culture and China/Korea never had and thought they were superior to foreigners, this angered japan
-leadership: Japan had western influenced government (based on USA gov) and weren’t as traditional whereas China was based purely on tradition and anti-foreigners.
Events that led to the Sino Japanese war
-Japan was weary of what was happening in China so wanted to modernise to stop it happening to them- they saw attack as the best form of defence.
-They negotiated a treaty with Korea, opening them up to trade for the first time in 1876 which gave them three treaty ports.
-In 1882, there was a revolt in Korea against the government and 7 Japanese officers were killed so six battalions of Chinese troops were put in Korea.
-1884 China withdrew 3 out of the 6 battalions to fight the French which encouraged a pro-Japanese revolt and then for a short time King Kojong lead a pro-Japanese anti-Chinese government.
-The remaining Chinese battalions overthrew the new government and a number of Japanese were killed. Some of the previous government fled to Japan.
-The Tientsin treaty of 1885 meant that neither China or Japan could put troops in Korea without notifying the other country first. But Japan put soldiers in their due to anti-Japanese riots
-Korea asked for Chinese help and sent in 2500 troops
-war was declared
What were the events of the Sino Japanese war 1894
- Japanese arrive in Korea on July 21st 1894 to put down the rebellion and support the king.
- Chinese then send in 1200 troops on a British ship but the Japanese sink the ship. China weren’t at full force due to the war with the French in the south.
- China sent in troops via land which results in a series of battles at Pyongyang and Seoul. The Japanese win both battles.
- Japanese push the Chinese over the Yalu river back into China. They then push into China and seize port Arthur (north China) and gain the Liaodong peninsula.
- A naval battle follows and the Japanese win again. China loses 2 battleships, 10 cruisers and 2 torpedo boats, most of which are new.
- The Chinese retreat to Weihaiwei which is a coastal fortress.
- The Japanese launch 20,000 troops and sieges the fortress. This lasts a week and the Chinese commander kills himself. The Japanese then seize Taiwan just after.
- The Chinese then accept defeat and sign the treaty of Shimonoseki.
The treaty of Shimonoseki:
-It recognised Korea was an independent state but a Japanese protectorate.
-China ceded the Liaodong peninsula, Taiwan and several small islands to Japan.
-China had to pay Japan $100 million.
-Japan got the right to manufacture goods on Chinese territory
-More ports were opened for trade with Japan.
What was the reason for Chinese loss of Sino Japanese war
-Japanese strength: 200,000 troops, trained modern army, rifles, cannons, large military, 20 boats, navy was trained in western fighting (German standards), (1.1m died), bombed the first Chinese Navy boat and could March north, lay bombs in weihaiwei and blew up Chinese boats,
-Chinese weakness: took half its military out of Korea, many troops weren’t trained, underestimated Japan (righteousness), we’re fighting multiple wars with French and boxers, li Hongzhong put military through western modernisation so they had improved just north enough during SS.
-poor Chinese leadership/military: Chinese military leaders commented suicide, didn’t know what they were doing as they remained traditional even though some had been trained in Europe, Corrupt government (cixi spent money on herself rather then the military eg/ on her birthday), constant retreat, 3.3m killed. Poor military 100,000, retreated eg/ 90% fled port Arthur, 14 boats lost at port Arthur, bombed navy ship on the way to Korea and allowed Japan to advance north
-Japanese modernisation: western influence, industrialisation, more money, larger population, investment from foreigners, more land in Korea allowed trade to grow, the empress donated all personal property to help modernise the army, Japan had educational connections to west and many were educated there plus officers were educated in Europe
How did the Sino Japanese war upset the regional hierarchy in South Korea
-hierarchy was upset with Japan being 1st and China 2nd for the first time ever
-Japan realised they could exploit China and gain that top place in SE Asia.
-Japan became another powerful foreigner
-the Chinese looked at Japan as a role model as it was the first country to match westerners
-some Chinese wanted to become like Japan so they could challah be foreigners and make them leave China
Who was Li Hongzhang
-He was in the Chinese government and was supported by the empress Cixi.
-His role was to help run China and improve the education system, get involved in diplomatic affairs and entrepreneurial duties. Overall, he was aiming to develop China and get it ahead of the game.
What did Li Hongzhang do
-set up the Shanghai cotton mill (1878) which was paid by the government, the Chinese steam engine (1884)
-Expanded the Kaiping coal mines (1877)
-Developed the arsenals in Tianjin
-Took the Xinjian province from Russia through diplomacy and improved the military to stop being overrun by foreigners.
-He also set up the USA educational mission which involved sending students abroad to study in a foreign country and set up the national telegraph.
What was the The Triple Intervention 1895
-This was a movement from France, Germany and Russia which aimed to take land from China in order to benefit each individual nation. For example, Russia said they wanted to protect China from the Japanese but really just wanted warm water ports.
