Booklet 4 1958-1969 Flashcards
What associations did USSR have with China 1958-1960
-Russia have Manchuria to CCP
-Russia gave them military equipment
-USSR gave them ideology from Stalin that Moa liked. The Chinese government was built upon Russian government
-15000 Russians came over to help them set up their government
What was krushchevs secret speech
-1956
-k. Delivered his speech to the sovient communist part. He criticised stalins rule as despotic (too much power), and curtsied the systematic purges.
Why did k. Secret speech anger the Chinese
-mao felt personally attacked as he had based his leadership/gov of Stalin
-betrayed communist principles
-mao and k. Trust was broken
-k. Was into friendly co-existence of which Stalin was not and so was a comment towards mao being dangerous
-mao saw himself as equal to USSR but USSR felt they were more important
What were the 1958 Russian demands
-joint pacific fleet (only USSR officers)
-long wave radio stations
-allow USSR repairs in ports
Why did the 1958 demands anger mao and how did it benefit him
-no Chinese officers in the navy
-ussr didn’t trust China with navy or weapons
-mao felt that ussr soldiers in ports was Russia trying to keep power over them
+ China had no submarines
+gave China weapons and money
+joining of 2 biggest navy’s
+gave China more power over foreigners
What was the Taiwan crisis 1958
-CKS had fled to Taiwan with GMD after Sino-Japanese war
-mao wanted to extend his power and unit Taiwan with mainland China
-USA had their military and power there and backed the GMD
-mao didn’t technically want the island mao wanted to see if USSR was loyal to China
-bombed the 2 stepping stones islands to Taiwan (Quemoy and Matsu)
-this threatened USA and tehy warned them not to do it
-K./ USSR did not back China and mao felt betrayed
How did the Taiwan crisis damage relations between USSR and China
-K. Warned China not to attack Taiwan as it would cause a war
-mao viewed K. As a traitor and called him a coward
-k. Called mao a rash maverick and extremist
-Maos attitude to provoking nuclear war was dangerous for Russia as a result they refused to give them nuclear weapons
-little respect for each leader
What was chinas 2nd 5 year plan
Aimed to:
-Expanding heavy industry in China.
-Furthering the cause of socialism by transferring more property to collective ownership.
-Encouraging the economic growth of China through industry, agriculture, handicrafts, transportation and commerce.
-Cultivating cultural and scientific development of the Chinese people.
Strengthening national defense and improving living standards in China.
Why did the 2nd 5 year plan fail and why did it anger Russia
-failed due to the lack of knowledge especially in agriculture. Mao implemented his own ideology based of Stalin that already didn’t work in Russia
-the change in compulsory agriculture caused mass famine
-70,000 people from xinjing Provence fled to Russia and Russia had to look after them
-mao thought they were spies and so angered and worried the Chinese (maos insecurities)
How did the lushan conference and Peng Dehaui cause tension in relations 1959
-peng shared his views on maos leadership through a tour of China talking about how mao caused the famine, mao was outraged
-Peng fled to ussr and shared his views
-purge of anti Maoism
-ussr coudl see mao was dangerous and a bad leader and didn’t want to continue in supporting them
Why did soviet withdrawal of economic assistance from China anger the Chinese
-they removed 15,000 advisors
-removed any financial help
-stopped any military help
-this was viewed as abandoned as they were completely isolated
-landmark of society + Chinese split
What did mao call k. And what did k. Call mao
-k. ,called mao an “Asian Hitler” at a communist congress in 1960 where he also called him a extremist oblivious to geopolitics
-mao called k. An “old boot” and K. Should be forgotten about due to his interpretation of maxism
What was the USSR criticisms of China
-only interests in himself and China
-wanted complete independence from ussr but wanted their money and resources
-China didn’t want peaceful co-existence and felt that communism couldn’t thrive with capatalism
-were too interested in nuclear war
-no valid reason for attack of Taiwan
-constant verbal attacks on ussr
-k. Put more money and effort into China and didn’t get much back
-mao was uneducated on geopolitics
What was chinas criticism of ussr
-showed ussr didn’t trust China
-ussr dominance over Chinese military
-private and public insults from k.
-wouldn’t back up China
-ussr treated China as below them
-great power showvanism
-believed in coexistence
-ussr friendship with capitalist countries
What factors caused tension between ussr and China
-relationship of leaders
-maos ungreatfullness
-different ideology
-lack of understanding geopolitics
-5 year reform
-withdrawl of ussr
What was the Sino Albanian alliance
-both had big peasant population, poor economy, similar approach to communism
-China wanted to be seen as a good communist country so that other countries would turn to them not ussr
-mao wanted farming/products from them
-South Americans and African countries became attracted to China
What’s as the Cuban crisis and how did it impact the relationship
-1962
-ussr gave Cuba missiles to aim towards America almost causing a nuclear war
-ussr still refused to give China nuclear weapons shows teh distrust between them
-test ban treaty was created due to this. It stopped over ground nuclear bomb testing and stopped other getting nuclear weapons
-China stole ussr papers and crates their own nuclear weapons and so went against the treaty and never signed it
How was chinas treatment of Tibet a genocide
-highest death rate in the great famine 25% of population
-China tried to wipe out social, cultural and religious identity of Tibet.
-protesters were arrested, imprisoned and executed
-forced failed agricultural policies
What was the Malinovsky affair and why was there more tension after
-k. Was replaced as the ussr leader by brezhnev
-a ussr defence secretary remarked to a Chinese military delegate that “we have removed our fool k. You should follow by deposing your fool”
-enhanced maos insecurity
-mao felt that Russia were trying to get him out of power
-worried ussr view of mao would influence those in China
-k. Was gotten rid of quickly and worried the same would happen to mao
Why did India get involved in Tibet crisis and how did it affect the relationship between ussr and China
-India got involved because there were Chinese on the border and the Chinese were condemning a spiritual leader- Dalai Lama
-The USSR refused to help China which made China angry. The USSR also sold fighter places to India which would have helped Mao in his conflict.
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What was the cultural Revolution 1966-1976
-the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) launched by Mao Zedong in 1966, and lasting until his death in 1976.
-led by gang of 4 (which would be punished for their involvement later)
-maoist campaign aimed at purging revisionists from the CCP and eliminating the 4 olds; old culture, old habits, old customs and old ideas That would keep communism pure
Causes of the cultural Revolution 1966-1976
-Mao’s ‘comeback’
-Destroy threats of a coup
-Re-establish Mao’s reputation after the great leap forward and Famine
-Re-establish power after Deng Xiaoping and Liu Shaoqui’s reforms to end the famine 1962-1964
-Re-establish communism and erase any elements of capitalism used to kick start the economy after the famine
-Establish the ‘cult of Mao’ through the red book and the red guards
-Remove any ‘undesirables’
Events of the cultural Revolution 1966-1976
-Attacked capitalists and powerful people
-Mao’s comeback swims back to power
-Calls young people to attack party officials and replace revolutionaries
-Re-organised the party with Mao on top
-Mao met millions of young people to support the red guards
-1966, schools didn’t open for a year due to revolution, 130 million students stopped attending school
-Destroyed the old buildings and took possessions from people
-20m people dead
-Mao ordered red guards to surrender and stop
-Denounced USSR and USA armies
-Lin Biao plots against Mao and tries to escape but dies
-Students sent to the countryside to be peasants. (over 12 million young people moved into the countryside from 1967-72)
-brain drain
Participants of the cultural Revolution 1966-1976
-red guard
-political Chinese teenagers
-CCP lead the campaign
-students didn’t go to school as they were closed and encourage to participate in violent campaigns
Consequences of cultural Revolution 1966-1976
-USSR and USA are enemies
-Lin Biao betrays Mao and people start to think that Mao isn’t perfect
-USSR and China have a fight over border. 2400 boarder conflicts
-20 million die
-ussr and China fight over boarder
-ussr create ‘the brezchev doctrine’ were ussr would intervene in any communist European and western counties if there was a threat to socialism
-this doctorate presented a threat to China
-Almost got to war over boarder conflicts
What did deng do in reaction to five year plan failure
-4 modernisations; goals first set forth by Deng Xiaoping to strengthen the fields of agriculture, industry, defense, and science and technology in China.
-limited private capitalism was permitted to return to China. were characterized by a program of de-Stalinization and broader intellectual tolerance.
-one country 2 systems
What was the main cause of the split of Sino-sovient relationship: ideology
-development of different ideas of communism and Marxism (secret speech 1956)
-china didn’t believe in peaceful co-existence (Taiwan crisis 1958)
-mao believe communism and capitalism couldn’t live together and wanted to push on the spreed of comm via cultural Revolution 1966-76)
-mao attacked Tibet 1962
-mao picked up stalins agricultural ideas which failed in Russia and China 1960
-mao was “dangerous extremist”
-mao wasn’t educated on geopolitics
What was the main cause of the split of Sino-sovient relationship: nuclear
-soviet had mass amounts of nuclear weapons but wouldn’t share with China
-agreement of new technology for national defence in 1954 said Russia would help China in nuclear weapons
-1958 no nuclear weapons given in 3 Russian demands
-Taiwan crisis
-Cuban missile crisis causing more tension
-test treaty ban 1963 China didn’t sign but still got nuclear weapons
-mao was open to using nuclear weapons against great powers
-russias nuclear weapons was a threat to chinas security and was an embarrassment for China as their only ally wouldn’t trust them with weapons
What was the main cause of the split of Sino-sovient relationship: personality
-mao called K. An “old boot” , “dangerous extremist”
-k. Called mao “Asian Hitler” “coward”
-both conflicting personalities
-k. Visits to Bejing and mao purposely gave him bad conditions 1959
-publicly criticised eachother and their governments (secret speech)
-mao saw himself as a great power but k. Didn’t see them as equal as USSR was better
-mao wouldn’t effectively work together with k. And K. Didn’t mind that so ussr was fine with loosing China as an ally
-maos fear of being taken over like k. Was
What was the main cause of the split of Sino-sovient relationship: GLF
-1958-1962
-first five year economic plan 1953-57
-China was given £250 million for purchase of weapons
-ussr gave China 9000 aircraft, 82 tanks and 1500 military advisors
2nd
-mass famine due to poor choices in Stalin’s failed attempt at agriculture growths that China copied
-35 million died
-70,000 fled to ussr and now ussr had to look after them
-mao believed they were spies
-chinas attack on Tibet and ussr helped India in the war
What was the main cause of the split of Sino-sovient relationship: desalinisation
-1956 revolts in east Europe over stalin
-long term cause
-China copied stalins government and ideology
-secret speech
-influenced maos growing paranoia as he was worried they would revolt against mao
-Stalins ideas failed like the agricultural improvements, mao copied them and resulted in mass deaths of which some blamed him for
What was the main cause of the split of Sino-sovient relationship: boarder conflicts
-1964-69
-xianjing NE Manchuria
-4189 conflicts in xianjing
-70000 left China to go to ussr
-Tibet crisis
-Indian war over boarder conflicts, ussr helped India by providing fighter planes.
What was the main cause of the split of Sino-sovient relationship: nationalism
-anti-soviet nationalism
-Chinese wanted independence
-growth in CCP nationalism
-cultural Revolution got rid of the 4 olds and supported China
-in the first 5 year plan china was doing well so Chinese nationalism grew
Possible Questions
-what was the main cause of the split of Sino-sovient relations
-what was the main impact of the cultural Revolution
