Booklet 3 1931-1941

Question 1

Why did Japan invade China in 1931-1932

Answer 1

-They needed raw materials, wanted more land, wanted to regain power and China was a stepping stone to world domination. The Japanese also faced urban unemployment and agricultural depression as well as silk prices were dropping. Exports to the USA had been cut by 40% and they thought China was already dead.

Question 2

How did chaing Kai-Shek put pressure on Japan 1931

Answer 2

They demanded an end to extraterritoriality and developed a new port facility in Manchuria. They also waged an economic boycott of Japanese imports.

Question 3

What was the Mukden incident

Answer 3

In September, the Japanese set explosives on a stretch of railway by Mukden, near the largest barracks of the Chinese region. Skirmishes broke out between the Japanese and Chinese. Japanese officers followed up by ordering a full-scale attack on the Chinese barracks. The Japanese then ordered troops into Manchuria as a form of defence by the end of 1931 and Manchuria came under Japanese control.

Question 4

What was chiang Kai sheks reaction to invasion of Manchuria

Answer 4

He transferred the 19th route army out of the region and down to Fujian as he didn’t trust his own commanders’ authority.

Question 5

How were Japan able to invade Manchuria in 1931

Answer 5

-modern army
-more imperial forces
-Tanaka Memorial, a document urging that Japan should abandon the promise it had given in 1922 to leave alone China
-argued it was imperative for Japanese needs
-Marco polo bridge incident 1937
-chiang Kai shek refused to notice japan in Korea and invading Manchuria as he was more concerned with the CCP. “Disease of the heart and disease of the skin” it allowed Japan to invade without much push back from China

Question 6

What was the reaction of foreigners/league of nations when Japan attacked Manchuria

Answer 6

-didn’t support China
-league of nations didn’t do anything
-there was economic depression in Europe after WW1 and so wouldn’t put money into China
-eventually LoN agreed that Japan has invalidly invaded Manchuria
-LoN said they didn’t acknowledge Japan’s government in Manchuria and Japan was at fault for the war
-treaty of tanggu

Question 7

How did the conflict begin between Japan and China after the invasion of Manchuria

Answer 7

-Japan took Manchuria
-many Chinese were now under Japan’s control
-boycotts in Shanghai 1932
-anti Japanese feeling
-China wasn’t allowed to put soldiers in Bejing due to treaty of tanggu
-China lost land and weren’t happy about it
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Question 8

What was the treaty of tanggu

Answer 8

-1932
-treaty recognised japans control in Manchuria
-Japan secured their interests in northern China
-Beijing was demilitarised
-Japan have influence in chinas ports in Shanghai

Question 9

Why did Japan attach shanghai 1933

Answer 9

-Chinese boycotted Japanese goods and Japan wanted to attack back to punish
-Shanghai council declared a state of emergency so deployed troops for self defence
-Japanese marines were ordered ashore
-Japanese’s naval officer ordered the bombing of Shanghai, China withdraw troops from Shanghai
-may 5th china and Japan signed the Shanghai ceasefire agreement

Question 10

Why did Japan invade China (2nd Sino Japanese war) and What was the Marco Polo grudge incident 1937

Answer 10

-japans recession 1929 resulted in them being poorer as less trade happened and so wanted entry to China
-mass poverty in Japan
-stop if economic activity as China avoided Japan goods

-Japanese soldier goes missing, the Japanese thought the Chinese took him so a fight breaks out.
This is classed as the start to the war unofficially

Question 11

What were the long term causes of the second Sino Japanese war

Answer 11

-Japanese imperialism
-Chinese instability
-Improvements to China leads to the Japanese wanting to stop them.
-The great depression of 1929 leads Japan to needing more foreign influence.
-Manchuria incident

Question 12

What were the medium term causes of the second Sino Japanese war

Answer 12

-The National Revolutionary Army reform provoked Japan to war
-The fifth encirclement campaign and the long march (CKS had defeated CCP The Xian incident (CKS kidnapped) and second united front 1936
-The league of nations failure
-The west refusing to intervene
-Half of government spending in Japan was on the military
-Chiang Kai-Shek national defence planning council wanted to modernise China and move vulnerable industries west.
-Xian incident (kidnapp of CKS to make GMD and CCP unite to attack Japan,2nd United front
-development of Japan

Question 13

What were the short term causes of the second Sino Japanese war

Answer 13

-The Marco-Polo bridge incident
-Chiang pressing against Japan
-Japanese wanted to neutralise China
-Chiang asked the public if they wanted peace or war and the public voted for war.
-Japan wanting Asian dominance
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Question 14

What were the main events of 2nd Sino Japanese war

Answer 14

1. Marco Polo bridge incident- Japanese soldier goes missing, the Japanese thought the Chinese took him so a fight breaks out.
2. Japanese soldiers attack Beijing and Tianjin as they push the Chinese over the bridge
3. Shanghai gets attacked by the Chinese to counter the Japanese
4. The rape of Nanjing- Shanghai gets smashed through and the soldiers move on to Nanjing. What follows is the mass killing and rape of the population.
5. Canton and Guangzhou get taken by the Japanese, these were wealthy ports- 1938
6. 100 regiment offensives in the 1940’s by the CCP attack the Japanese
7. The three all’s campaign- The Japanese react to the CCP and the orders are to burn all, kill all and take all. 2.7 million civilians died
8. Yan’an and CCP- In the middle of this, in 1941, Chiang Kai-Shek decides to attack the communists again rather than the Japanese.
9. The new capital of China is moved to Chongqing from 1937-1945

Question 15

What was the battle of Shanghai 1937

Answer 15

Battle of Chinese and Japanese in Shanghai. CKS bombed Shanghai Japanese area to try and draw Japan away from northern China and split their army up
-Purpose: To make the Japanese have to fight on two fronts, it slows the Japanese moving from North to South as they have to move East to West. China tries to get foreigners to help.

Question 16

What were the 4 causes for the Japanese to invade China (essay factors)

Answer 16

-Japanese imperialism
-chinas improvements
-Great Depression
-Marco polo bridge incident
-failure of League of Nations
-increased Chinese nationalism

Question 17

What was chinas preparation for the battle of shanghai

Answer 17

-Deployed the NRA
-Propaganda in China
-The Yangtze and Nanjing defence (The Chinese Hindenburg line)
-They got tanks and aircraft (120 aircraft)
-They had superior numbers to surprise the Japanese in Shanghai. 1.5m, 87th and 88th region had 80,000 best trained soldiers, more equipped, experienced.
-They had to deal with the refugee crisis (630,000)
-untrained army
-CCP and GMD joined together (2nd national front)

Question 18

What was Japanese preparation for the battle of Shanghai

Answer 18

-3,000 naval troops to support
-32 vessels off the coast
-Strongholds made of concrete
-Tanks and anti-tank artillery
-1m troops
-92 machine guns
- 480,000 j dead

Question 19

What was chinas attack in Shanghai

Answer 19

-they bombed Japanese area in Shanghai to draw away the Japanese from the north and split the army into 2
-They planned a surprise attack on the Japanese. The plan was an air attack on Japanese interests and they managed to hit a battleship however they lost the element of surprise.
-They also accidently bombed Nanjing road and killed thousands of civilians.
-On the ground they were stuck in a street by street battle and there was refugee chaos after.

Question 20

What was Japanese response to the battle of Shanghai

Answer 20

-Naval and air bombardment of Chinese barracks defences and civilian areas.
-200,000 troops were deployed.

Question 21

What was the result of the battle of Shanghai

Answer 21

-Three months of heavy fighting
-Chinese lost 187,000 troops and withdrew from Shanghai the retreat was poorly organised and the Hindenburg line fell in two weeks (final line of defense between Shanghai and Nanjing)
-The capital was moved to Chongqing and was now a national war
-It gains media and world attention and the nine-power treaty talk about Japan but do nothing.
-The USSR signed a non-aggression pact but sent aircraft and money to China prior to 1939 when the treaty was signed. They also froze Japanese banks in the US
-Tokyo then makes the decision to march on Nanjing

Question 22

What was the rape of Nanjing

Answer 22

-The Japanese imperial army marched into the city and murdered 300,000 out of 600,000 civilians and soldiers in the city.
-the Japanese wanted revenge. After defeating the Chinese in Shanghai, 50,000 Japanese soldiers marched towards Nanjing.
-Even though the Chinese soldiers outnumbered the Japanese, they were poorly led so the Japanese smashed into the city in December 1937 with orders to kill all captors.
-The Japanese viewed the 90,000 Chinese soldiers as less than human and unworthy of life because of their surrender.
-old women over 70 as well as girls under the age of 8 were dragged off to be sexually abused. Between 20,000 and 80,000 females were gang raped by Japanese soldiers. Pregnant women had their bellies slit open and the foetus’ torn out.
-Sometimes the Japanese forced Chinese men to rape their own daughters.
-The streets of Nanjing were said to have run red with blood
-Some were forced to dig their own graves.
-Heroin was distributed to civilians and 50,000 people became addicted to heroin.
-The rest of Europe was too interested in their own war so couldn’t help.

Question 23

The impact of the second Sino Japanese war: civilians

Answer 23

-14 million died
-Shanghai was accidently bombed and had to be evacuated
-Chongqing was attacked via air raids
-The people had to eat bark and leaves. People were sold so people could eat
-flooding of the yellow river destroyed 4000 villages, 800,000 died of drowning or starving
-90 million refugees
-thousands suffocated in shelters
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Question 24

The impact of the second Sino Japanese war: chiang Kai Shek and GMD

Answer 24

-Joined the CCP in the united front , first time they had stopped fighting and start of the power of CCP
-introduced conscription
-Raised grain tax and people starved 1938
-In 1943 Chiang Kai-Shek didn’t think China would last a year
-Moved the government to Chongqing
-Chinese defeated the Japanese in the battle for the Burma road.
-he caused the flooding of yellow river and homelessness
-he helped the economy but not the welfare of the people

Question 25

The impact of the second Sino Japanese war: Economy

Answer 25

-100,000,000 refugees
-Famine due to the flooding of the yellow river after the breaching of the dykes. Killed 800,000.
-Shanghai accidentally bombed
-150 factories and 2000 enterprises were moved to west China
-refugees were put to work
-Shanghai, nanjing and Bejing were damaged and taken over of which the Japanese use to benefit themselves
-transport planes
-lack of economic progress
-80% of workers were illiterate and had little skills

Question 26

The impact of the second Sino Japanese war: NRA The National Revolutionary Army

Answer 26

-misplaced bombs due to lack of training and destroyed Shanghai
-The 57-man suicide squad in Shanghai
-They breached the dykes on the yellow river to stop the Japanese and worked as it slowed them down but killed 800,000 Chinese and caused famine.
-400 men
-they lost loads leading to 1/3 of the city being destroyed
-187,000 men died
- chiang made it mandatory to join the NRA
-weren’t trained

Question 27

The impact of the second Sino Japanese war: Chinese nationalism

Answer 27

-Took a determined stand against the Japanese which boosted nationalistic feeling
-57-man suicide squad was set up to fight Japan, growth of nationalism
-200,000 helped to build the road through Burma to get supplies in to keep China going during this time of war.
-survived the war after 4 years
-first time the Chinese were actually winning battles and holding of foreigners

Question 28

The impact of the second Sino Japanese war: CCP

Answer 28

-Used guerrilla warfare as a method of fighting the Japanese
-The USSR offered to help the CCP to fight the Japanese
-This was where the CCP became quite popular due to their success against the Japanese and the valiant fight they put up against Japan.

Question 29

The impact of the second Sino Japanese war: international relations

Answer 29

-International safety zone in Nanjing to protect people from the onslaught of the Japanese troops.
-Russia was going to help China but, in the end, didn’t.
-Japan attacked Pearl Harbour in 1941 which brought America into the war.
-Americas “Flying Tigers” volunteer pilots helped the Chinese
-1943, China was invited to take part in talks with British and American leaders.
-America also trained Chinese troops
-Japanese US hostile grew
-chiang purchased 100 P-40 planes from US, China could inflict damage on japan
-US stopped exporting iron, oil and technology to Japan

Question 30

Why were tensions growing between Japan and US during the 2nd Sino-Japanese war

Answer 30

-Tensions between USA and Japan rose though when the U.S.S Panay was sunk as it evacuated US citizens from Nanjing, killing 3 but they still did not get involved as an uneasy truce held the two nations to peace in 1940.
-In 1940/1 the USA gave money to China to allow them to purchase war supplies and at the same time, tightened restrictions on Japan. The USA was the main supplier of oil, steel and iron to Japan but began to stop these exports.
-After January 1940, the USA began to pump more and more money into China while moving towards an embargo, stopping trade with Japan.
-The Japanese made it clear that they were looking to remove western influence from Asia and take natural resources for themselves, removing their reliability on the USA.
-Japan linked Germany into the war of which US was about to be at war with
-The USA has interests in the southern region of Asia so these pacts led them to place a full embargo on Japan, freezing Japanese assets in US banks and sending supplies to China on the Burma road. This all made China a possible ally in the fight against fascism.

Question 31

What was Pearl Harbour

Answer 31

-The USA were not expecting the Japanese to invade as they weren’t powerful enough, however they attempted to knock out the US pacific fleet in Pearl Harbour on December 7th 1941 which killed 2000 soldiers. The following day the USA declared war on Japan and Germany therefore declared war on the USA. America was facing war on two fronts.

Question 32

What was the significance of the Americans Joining the war: money

Answer 32

-$630 million and $500 million loans to China
-The Hump (the movement of goods and supplies over the Himalayas as the Burma road became blocked).
-ledo road (nee burma road)

Question 33

What was the significance of the Americans Joining the war: military aid

Answer 33

-Helped the GMD to liberate parts of China
-Joseph Stillwell was appointed chief of staff in China to help with military tactics. He was a proven war veteran and a strong commander
-China got a lend lease from the USA which included planes, tanks, guns and training
-55,000 troops were put in China to help in the war effort.
-flying tigers
-trained Chinese

Question 34

What was the significance of the Americans Joining the war: legitimised chiang power

Answer 34

-The day America joined the war was supposedly the happiest day of Chiang’s life.
-He became allied with the superpower of America
-Roosevelt saw him as the true leader in China
-He is invited to international meetings between allied powers.
-Britain and US promised to return their concessions to China (minus Hong Kong)

Question 35

What was the significance of the Americans Joining the war: GMD/CCP United front

Answer 35

-The CCP were reluctant to fight the Japanese head on so instead used guerrilla warfare.
-US made CKS work with CCP
-Distrust between the CCP and GMD led to civil war after WW2
-They joined together though to fight the Japanese and the CCP managed to gain some support from the Americans by convincing them that they were not proper communists.

Question 36

What was the significance of the Americans Joining the war: preserved CCP

Answer 36

-The Americans wouldn’t help Chiang after the war to remove the CCP
-Mao convinced the Americans that they weren’t proper communists so managed to stop them from being wiped out.
-CKS continued to attack CCP which annoyed USA so the CCP got USA support

Question 37

What was the significance of the Americans Joining the war: island hopping and Atom Bombs

Answer 37

• US entered through Manchuria and took it back for China and released Korea from Japanese control
  -Island hopping was the technique the Americans used to defeat Japan. The idea is to put your full force into taking individual islands, wiping out the enemy in the process. This is effective but took time.
  -Japan island hopped taking over multiple islands at a time, many of their army was split around these islands and China in small numbers
  -this made it easy for US to take over those islands
  -The Nuclear bombs were used to finish the war in Asia. In 1945 the USA dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki called fat man and little boy which led to the surrender of Japan.

Question 38

Why was Japan at fault for their own loss in China in 2nd Sino Japanese war

Answer 38

-Japan wanted more power in areas that were western run
-had committed war crimes
-pearl harbour attack
-weren’t economically/ militarily able to defeat china
-overextended into China
-took over too many islands and split their army
-joined with Germany which automatically made US ally’s feel at threat by Japan
-atomic bombs destroyed Japan
-believed they were just as important as western countries
-had too much money in US

Question 39

Chinas involvement in the winning of the war

Answer 39

-China had to fight back as if they were just waiting for Japan to self destruct Japan would have taken over much quicker
-China fought back constantly
-China was winning battles but not the war
-only way to win the war was to wait for Japan to self destruct or for foreigners to join
-chiang Kai Shek was focused on the CCP too much and so couldn’t put his whole focus on the war
-China should have focused on Japan first not CCP “disease of skin”

Question 40

Possible questions

Answer 40

•How does the source show the support China had from foreigners/ League of Nations in the invasion of Manchuria

•To what extent was Japans want for Asian power the reason for the invasion of Manchuria.

•…. Was the main factor taht resulted in the cause of the invasion of China./2nd Sino Japanese war

•….. was the main factor for the Chinese win in the 2nd Sino Japanese war

•What was the biggest impact of the second Sino Japanese war

•What caused the win for China of the second Sino Japanese war

Question 41

What was the fifth encirclement campaign/long March/ 2nd United front

Answer 41

-The GMD (1million) launched encirclement campaigns against Communist (150,000)bases in several separate locations across China. The fifth campaign against the Jiangxi Soviet succeeded in dislodging the Communists in 1934, and forced the Communists into the strategic retreat of the Long March. GMD Lost 1000, CCP: 60,000.
-a military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Chinese Communist Party, to evade the pursuit of the National Army of the GMD.
-alliance between the ruling Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party to resist the Japanese invasion of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War

Question 42

How did 5th encirclement campaign help mao

Answer 42

-he rose to power due to being very good at leading gurilla warfare
-travelled around the country to countryside and helped people out gaining support and changed many to agree with communism
-they couldn’t be defeated by GMD showing their strength
-CKS focused on CCP rather then Japanese and so became unliked
-CCP we’re unable to regain troops and machines/resources and so quickly died off
-spread communism through China
-most died