Booklet 1 1860-1997 Flashcards
What was the first opium war, what were the causes and results. (won’t be directly asked on it)
•1939-1942, war between Britain and the Quinn dynasty. China tried to oppress the selling of opium by making it illegal, as a result Britain couldn’t sell in China
•causes:
-China confiscated opium and destroyed 20,000 chests of opium
-Britain illegally trading opium
-British soldiers killed a Chinese man and weren’t punished
Results:
-China segregated
-Qing dynasty had to pay 6m
-British gained control in Hong Kong
-Christian missionaries allowed in China
-legalised opium trade (treaty Nanking)
-no more canton system
What was the second opium trade, causes and results
•1856-1860, war better Britain/France and China. It happened as B/Fwin additional commercial privileges in China, including the legalization of the opium trade, as well as to gain more legal and territorial concessions in China.
•causes:
-British greed and exploitation of China
-the treaty of Nanking was on unequal treaty
-the arrow incident, Hong Kong seized a British ship, British felt they hadn’t followed extraterritoriality
•results:
-the treaty on Tianjin; British get access to Yangtze River, France get land in the south, missionaries and British ambassador
-10 new treaty ports, British get extraterritoriality, language schools, foreign ministers
What were the events of the second opium war
-Britain’s attacked the Dagu ports to take tianjin which threatened Beijing. The French were also involved
-Chinese lost the war due to I’ll equip army and navy
What was the Tianjin Massacre causes 1870
-Christian missionaries were allowed in China and preached around
-rumours spread that the missionaries where buying and killing children
What was the Tianjin massacre events/results
-angry anti-Catholic crowd gathered outside the cathedral and smashed windows and burned French/ British/ USA and Spanish churches
-French consul and his assistant were murdered by the rioters after he killed a Chinese man
-40 Chinese Christian’s killed, death toll of 60.
Results:
-foreigners realised Chinese gov. Couldn’t be trusted to protect foreigners or their investment
-anti foreign feeling leading to boxer rebellion
What were the problems in China in the mid 1800s
-foreigners: resulted in opium war, foreigners took land in east and south China and couldn’t be kicked out
-conflict between advisors: Prince Kung Su Shu was an advisor to Hsien Feng but they often didn’t agree so mixed messages were received.
-weakness of emperor Hsien Feng: the emperor fell Ill, Cixi took over. Most of the government didn’t like her
-weakness of Chinese military: The army was very ill equipped (old fashioned weapons), they still used martial arts in combat
-problems in China: growing population (430m), local government were corrupt, war subsidies (6m), famine.
What were the problems in China by 1870
-foreign influence in trade: Opened four ports on the Yangtze river, The treaty of Tianjin opened China to western trade, Destruction of the canton system.
-foreign influence culture: Foreign language schools. New examinations for all government officials.
-foreign influence politics: New foreign minister after the treaty of Tianjin. Britain gained extraterritoriality
-weakness of imperial government: divisions between cixi and gov. The next emperor was so young and was ruled by cixi and his uncle.
-weakness of imperial army: army was massively outdated,
-growth of anti-foreign feeling: taiping and Nian were rebellions against foreigners. Emperor wasn’t treated with respect by foreigners.
What was taiping and Nian
-taiping: rebellion against western religious ideas, attack against the Qing dynasty
-Nian: uprising in northern China 1861 in attempt to top the Qing dynasty
What was the first self strengthening movement in China
-1861
-Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, and Zuo Zongtang sought to consolidate Qing power by introducing Western technology.
-Li organised the formation and development of Western-style military academies, the construction of fortifications around Chinese ports and the overhaul of China’s northern fleet.
-railways, shipping infrastructure, coal mines, cloth mills and the installation of telegraph lines and stations
-Li was instrumental in developing a Chinese foreign policy and forging a stable and productive relationship with Western nations.
Possible questions:
-what was china’s relationship with foreigners
-were the benefits of foreigners in China
-Tianjin massacre causes
Self strengthening movement
-Qing dynasty of China introduced Western methods and technology in an attempt to renovate Chinese military, diplomatic, fiscal, and educational policy.
-li Hongzhang
-western military training
-China had to actively engage with Western nations, examine their trade and technology, encourage the study of Western languages and develop a diplomatic service to connect with foreign governments.
